{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T00:09:44Z","timestamp":1783642184907,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,3,1]],"date-time":"2003-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1046476800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["New Media &amp; Society"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Researchers examining \u2018flaming\u2019 - defined as hostile and aggressive interactions via text-based computer mediated-communication - have proposed theoretical frameworks to explain possible causes. However, precise conceptual and operational definitions of \u2018flaming\u2019 have yet to be established, which has implications for understanding this phenomenon. Consequently, we propose an interactional- normative framework that focuses on interpretations of messages from multiple perspectives in the situated and evolving context of appropriateness norms. This framework incorporates intentionality and individuals\u2019 strategic choices in language use and channel selection. We discuss the implications of this framework for research on flaming and other problematic interactions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444803005001908","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,4,28]],"date-time":"2003-04-28T06:25:30Z","timestamp":1051511130000},"page":"69-94","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":188,"title":["Reconceptualizing \u2018flaming\u2019 and other problematic messages"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Patrick B.","family":"O\u2019Sullivan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Illinois State University,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew J.","family":"Flanagin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","first-page":"55","volume-title":"Communication and Organizations: An Interpretive Approach","author":"Bantz, C.R.","year":"1983"},{"key":"atypb2","volume-title":"Equivocal Communication","author":"Bavelas, J.B.","year":"1990"},{"key":"atypb3","volume-title":"Language and Social Knowledge: Uncertainty in Interpersonal Relations","author":"Berger, C.R.","year":"1982"},{"key":"atypb4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2958.1975.tb00258.x"},{"key":"atypb5","first-page":"39","volume":"6","author":"Bernthal, K.","year":"1995","journal-title":"PC Novice"},{"key":"atypb6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4135\/9781452231365.n14"},{"key":"atypb7","first-page":"294","volume-title":"Message Effects in Communication Science","author":"Bradac, J.J.","year":"1989"},{"key":"atypb8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511813085"},{"key":"atypb9","first-page":"191","volume-title":"Strategic Interpersonal Communication","author":"Buller, D.B.","year":"1994"},{"key":"atypb10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03637758809376158"},{"key":"atypb11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/257090"},{"key":"atypb12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1075\/pbns.39.16gol"},{"issue":"3","key":"atypb13","first-page":"278","volume":"19","author":"Cosentino, V.J.","year":"1994","journal-title":"Byte"},{"key":"atypb14","volume-title":"\u2018Miscommunication\u2019 and Problematic Talk","author":"Coupland, N.","year":"1991"},{"key":"atypb15","first-page":"1","volume-title":"\u2018Miscommunication\u2019 and Problematic Talk","author":"Coupland, N.","year":"1991"},{"key":"atypb16","first-page":"66","volume-title":"Theories of Intercultural Communication","author":"Cronen, V.","year":"1988"},{"key":"atypb17","volume-title":"Writing Online: A Student\u2019s Guide to the Internet and World Wide Web","author":"Crump, E.","year":"1998","edition":"2"},{"key":"atypb18","first-page":"420","volume-title":"Handbook of Organizational Communication: An Interdisciplinary Approach","author":"Culnan, M.J.","year":"1987"},{"key":"atypb19","first-page":"191","volume-title":"Research in Organizational Behavior","author":"Daft, R.L.","year":"1984"},{"key":"atypb20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327051hci0602_2"},{"key":"atypb21","first-page":"676","volume-title":"Handbook of Interpersonal Communication","author":"Duck, S.","year":"1994"},{"key":"atypb22","first-page":"22","volume":"14","author":"Dvorak, J.C.","year":"1994","journal-title":"Marketing Computers"},{"key":"atypb23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03637758409390197"},{"key":"atypb24","volume-title":"Can I Fax You a Thank-you Note?","author":"Glassman, A.","year":"1998"},{"key":"atypb25","first-page":"41","volume-title":"Syntax and Semantics","author":"Grice, H.P.","year":"1975"},{"key":"atypb26","volume-title":"Cyberliteracy: Navigating the Internet with Awareness","author":"Gurak, L.J.","year":"2001"},{"key":"atypb27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1075\/pbns.39.08her"},{"key":"atypb28","first-page":"679","volume-title":"Handbook of Organizational Communication","author":"Jablin, F.M.","year":"1987"},{"key":"atypb29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/23808985.2000.11678973"},{"key":"atypb30","first-page":"43","volume-title":"Psychology and the Internet: Intrapersonal, Interpersonal and Transpersonal Implications","author":"Joinson, A.","year":"1998"},{"key":"atypb31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4571(1998)49:12<1135::AID-ASI8>3.0.CO;2-W"},{"key":"atypb32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.39.10.1123"},{"key":"atypb33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327051hci0101_3"},{"key":"atypb34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1075\/pbns.39.18kor"},{"key":"atypb35","first-page":"89","volume-title":"Contexts of Computer-Mediated Communication","author":"Lea, M.","year":"1992"},{"key":"atypb36","volume-title":"annual meeting of the National Communication Association","author":"Lerner, M.H."},{"key":"atypb37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2958.1997.tb00415.x"},{"key":"atypb38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/orsc.5.4.502"},{"key":"atypb39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-415040-9.50122-6"},{"key":"atypb40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0747-5632(92)90031-9"},{"key":"atypb41","first-page":"146","volume-title":"Virtual Culture: Identity and Communication in Cybersociety","author":"McLaughlin, M.L.","year":"1997"},{"key":"atypb42","volume-title":"Miss Manners\u2019 Basic Training: Communication","author":"Martin, J.","year":"1997"},{"key":"atypb43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4135\/9781483327914"},{"issue":"2","key":"atypb44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/S1359-1789(97)00011-6","volume":"3","author":"O\u2019Donohue, W.","year":"1998","journal-title":"Aggression &! Violent Behavior"},{"key":"atypb45","volume-title":"International Communication Association\u2019s annual conference","author":"O\u2019Sullivan, P.B."},{"key":"atypb46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/hcr\/26.3.403"},{"key":"atypb47","first-page":"79","volume-title":"Communication Yearbook, Vol. 5","author":"Parks, M.","year":"1982"},{"key":"atypb48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-2466.1996.tb01462.x"},{"key":"atypb49","volume-title":"Communication, Action, and Meaning","author":"Pearce, W.B.","year":"1980"},{"issue":"1","key":"atypb50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2958.1985.tb00064.x","volume":"12","author":"Planalp, S.","year":"1985","journal-title":"Human Communication Research"},{"key":"atypb51","first-page":"220","volume-title":"Interpersonal Processes: New Directions in Communication Research","author":"Poole, M.S.","year":"1987"},{"key":"atypb52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.123.3.238"},{"key":"atypb53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/009365098025006006"},{"key":"atypb54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2958.2000.tb00761.x"},{"key":"atypb55","first-page":"31","volume-title":"Communication and Organizations: An Interpretive Approach","author":"Putnam, L.L.","year":"1983"},{"key":"atypb56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2958.1982.tb00659.x"},{"key":"atypb57","first-page":"37","volume":"31","author":"Schrage, M.","year":"1997","journal-title":"Computerworld"},{"key":"atypb58","volume-title":"Netiquette","author":"Shea, V.","year":"1994"},{"key":"atypb59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0749-5978(86)90050-6"},{"key":"atypb60","first-page":"30","volume-title":"Contexts of Computer-mediated Communication","author":"Spears, R.","year":"1992"},{"key":"atypb61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/009365094021004001"},{"key":"atypb62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/104649602237170"},{"key":"atypb63","volume-title":"Connections: New Ways of Working in the Networked Organization","author":"Sproull, L.","year":"1991"},{"key":"atypb64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-3572-9"},{"key":"atypb65","first-page":"207","volume":"1","author":"Tamosaitis, N.","year":"1991","journal-title":"Computer Life"},{"key":"atypb66","first-page":"297","volume-title":"Communication and Cyberspace: Social Interaction in an Electronic Environment","author":"Thompsen, P.A.","year":"1996"},{"issue":"2","key":"atypb67","first-page":"146","volume":"49","author":"Thompsen, P.A.","year":"1992","journal-title":"ETC: A Review of General Semantics"},{"key":"atypb68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0747-5632(96)00004-0"},{"key":"atypb69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315807010-3"},{"key":"atypb70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/009365092019001003"},{"key":"atypb71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2958.1994.tb00332.x"},{"key":"atypb72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/009365094021004002"},{"key":"atypb73","volume-title":"The Social Psychology of Organizing","author":"Weick, K.","year":"1979","edition":"2"},{"key":"atypb74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0749-5978(92)90070-N"},{"key":"atypb75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2958.1977.tb00518.x"}],"container-title":["New Media &amp; Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1461444803005001908","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1461444803005001908","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T05:27:09Z","timestamp":1777699629000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/1461444803005001908"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2003,3]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/1461444803005001908"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1461444803005001908","relation":{},"ISSN":["1461-4448","1461-7315"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1461-4448","type":"print"},{"value":"1461-7315","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2003,3]]}}}