{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T04:54:12Z","timestamp":1782276852816,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,6,1]],"date-time":"2006-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1149120000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["New Media &amp; Society"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>First and second wave digital divide research underemphasizes the digital labor force divide and overestimates the impact of access to and skill in digital technology. Such emphasis deprives digital divide scholarship of its democratizing potential by muting structural critique and recasting the divide as a problem of diffusion. To the extent that it promotes diffusion over equality, the digital divide debate serves marketing rather than socially constructive ends. This article argues that improved technical training and access cannot overcome the digital labor force divide, because gaps in pay, security, and dignity cleave the high-tech job market. Examination of the high-tech labor force in Seattle demonstrates the need to foreground the digital labor force divide. Eliminating economic and political disparities requires us to work through the digital workforce divide rather than labor underneath it.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444806064487","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,5,18]],"date-time":"2006-05-18T06:28:32Z","timestamp":1147933712000},"page":"487-511","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Laboring under the digital divide"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Michelle","family":"Rodino-Colocino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Cincinnati, USA,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","volume-title":"\u2018A Survey of Information Technology Workers\u2019","year":"2004"},{"key":"atypb2","unstructured":"\u2018Amazon.com to Begin Outsourcing Customer Service Operations to India\u2019                  (2000, 7 September) WashTech News, URL (consulted 1                 January 2001): http:\/\/www.washtech.org\/amazon\/090700_india.php3"},{"key":"atypb3","author":"Beckman, D.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Tech Worker News, TechsUnite"},{"key":"atypb4","author":"Beckman, D.","year":"2004","journal-title":"WashTech News"},{"key":"atypb5","first-page":"E1","author":"Bishop, T.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Seattle-Post Intelligencer"},{"key":"atypb6","volume-title":"\u2018U.S. Workers Taking H-1B Issues to Court. Mercury News\u2019","author":"Bjorhus, J.","year":"2002"},{"key":"atypb7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14452\/MR-026-03-1974-07_1"},{"key":"atypb8","volume-title":"Testimony given to the Committees of Commerce and Labor","author":"Bronstein, M.","year":"2004"},{"key":"atypb9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-322-89613-1"},{"key":"atypb10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0893318901152006"},{"key":"atypb11","author":"Cohn, J.","year":"2001","journal-title":"The New Republic Online"},{"key":"atypb12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"xi","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/2419.003.0002","volume-title":"The Digital Divide: Facing a Crisis or Creating a Myth?","author":"Compaine, B.","year":"2001"},{"key":"atypb13","author":"Cook, J.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Seattle Post- Intelligencer"},{"key":"atypb14","volume-title":"Uncertain Futures: The Real Impact of the High Tech Boom and Bust on Seattle\u2019s IT Workers","author":"Doussard, M.","year":"2003"},{"key":"atypb15","volume-title":"White Collar Sweatshop: The Deterioration of Work and Its Rewards in Corporate America","author":"Fraser, Andresky, J.","year":"2001"},{"key":"atypb16","author":"Frauenheim, E.","year":"2004","journal-title":"CNET"},{"key":"atypb17","author":"Gaudin, S.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Datamation"},{"key":"atypb18","author":"Geary, L. H.","year":"2004","journal-title":"CNN\/Money"},{"key":"atypb19","first-page":"43","author":"Gilson, D.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mother Jones"},{"key":"atypb20","author":"Gongloff, M.","year":"2003","journal-title":"CNN\/Money"},{"issue":"4","key":"atypb21","first-page":"8","volume":"30","author":"Gumpert, G.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Intermedia"},{"key":"atypb22","volume-title":"The New Ruthless Economy: Work & Power in the Digital Age","author":"Head, S.","year":"2003"},{"key":"atypb23","author":"Heim, K.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mercury News"},{"key":"atypb24","volume-title":"After the New Economy","author":"Henwood, D.","year":"2003"},{"key":"atypb25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/2419.003.0007","volume-title":"The Digital Divide: Facing a Crisis or Creating a Myth?","author":"Hoffman, D.","year":"2001"},{"key":"atypb26","volume-title":"\u2018Inclusion in the Information Age: Reframing the Debate\u2019","author":"Jarboe, K. P.","year":"2001"},{"key":"atypb27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/009365001028004006"},{"key":"atypb28","volume-title":"\u2018Layoffs: One Click Away\u2019","year":"2000"},{"key":"atypb29","unstructured":"\u2018Legislative Update\u2019                  (2004) February 2004 ISTE Washington Notes, International                     Society for Technology in Education, URL (consulted 3 April 2006): http:\/\/www.iste.org\/content\/NavigationMenu\/Advocacy\/Policy\/Washington_Notes\/20046\/Feb5\/Feb.htm"},{"key":"atypb30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17763\/haer.71.4.342x36742j2w4q82"},{"key":"atypb31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08838159709364427"},{"key":"atypb32","author":"Matloff, N.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Testimony to the U.S. House Judiciary Committee, Subcommittee on Immigration"},{"key":"atypb33","volume-title":"Your Tax Dollars at Work...Offshore: How Foreign Outsourcing Firms Are Capturing State Government Contracts","author":"Mattera, P.","year":"2004"},{"key":"atypb34","volume-title":"Virtual Inequality: Beyond the Digital Divide","author":"Mossberger, K.","year":"2003"},{"key":"atypb35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/2419.003.0037","volume-title":"The Digital Divide: Facing a Crisis or Creating a Myth?","author":"Nie, N. H.","year":"2001"},{"key":"atypb36","volume-title":"Forces of Production: A Social History of Industrial Automation","author":"Noble, D. F.","year":"1984"},{"key":"atypb37","volume-title":"Digital Diploma Mills: The Automation of Higher Education","author":"Noble, D. F.","year":"2001"},{"key":"atypb38","volume-title":"\u2018Offshore Tracker\u2019","year":"2006"},{"key":"atypb39","volume-title":"The Work of Nations","author":"Reich, R.","year":"1992"},{"key":"atypb40","volume-title":"The Future of Success: Working and Living in the New Economy","author":"Reich, R.","year":"2000"},{"key":"atypb41","first-page":"76","author":"Reingold, J.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Fast Company"},{"key":"atypb42","first-page":"50","volume":"20","author":"Roach, R.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Black Issues in Higher Education"},{"key":"atypb43","volume-title":"Beyond Access: How Foundations are Helping Nonprofits Leverage the Potential of Information Technology","author":"Robertson, B.","year":"2001"},{"key":"atypb44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/2419.003.0026","volume-title":"The Digital Divide: Facing a Crisis or Creating a Myth?","author":"Schement, J. R.","year":"2001"},{"key":"atypb45","volume-title":"Bridging the Digital Divide: Technology, Community, and Public Policy","author":"Sevron, L.","year":"2002"},{"key":"atypb46","first-page":"9","author":"Shapiro, S. M.","year":"1999","journal-title":"The Stranger"},{"key":"atypb47","first-page":"2","volume-title":"Rewiring Media Studies for the Digital Age","author":"Silver, D.","year":"2000"},{"key":"atypb48","first-page":"73","volume-title":"Progress in Communication Sciences","author":"Slack, J. D.","year":"1984"},{"key":"atypb49","volume-title":"Millennial Dreams: Contemporary Culture and Capital in the North","author":"Smith, P.","year":"1997"},{"key":"atypb50","first-page":"191","volume-title":"Race in Cyberspace","author":"Sterne, J.","year":"2000"},{"key":"atypb51","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Social Inclusion: Possibilities and Tensions","author":"Stewart, A.","year":"2000"},{"key":"atypb52","volume-title":"The Race to the Bottom: Why a Worldwide Worker Surplus and Uncontrolled Free Trade are Sinking American Living Standards","author":"Tonelson, A.","year":"2000"},{"key":"atypb53","volume-title":"Falling Through the Net: A Survey of the \u2018Have-Nots\u2019 in Rural and Urban America","author":"U. S. Department of Commerce, National Telecommunication and Information Administration","year":"1995"},{"key":"atypb54","volume-title":"Falling Through the Net: Defining the Digital Divide","author":"U. S. Department of Commerce, National Telecommunication and Information Administration","year":"1999"},{"key":"atypb55","volume-title":"A Nation Online: How Americans are Expanding Their Use of the Internet","author":"U. S. Department of Commerce, National Telecommunication and Information Administration","year":"2002"},{"key":"atypb56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/6699.001.0001"},{"key":"atypb57","volume-title":"Washington Tuition Fee Report","author":"Washington Higher Education Coordinating Board","year":"2002"},{"key":"atypb58","volume-title":"Television: Technology and Cultural Form","author":"Williams, R.","year":"1992"},{"key":"atypb59","volume-title":"Disparities Within the Digital World: Realities of the New Economy: A Report for the Washington Alliance of Technology Workers (WashTech)","author":"Worker Center, King County Labor Council, AFL-CIO","year":"2001"}],"container-title":["New Media &amp; Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1461444806064487","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1461444806064487","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T05:28:54Z","timestamp":1777699734000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/1461444806064487"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,6]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/1461444806064487"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1461444806064487","relation":{},"ISSN":["1461-4448","1461-7315"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1461-4448","type":"print"},{"value":"1461-7315","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,6]]}}}