{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T00:09:55Z","timestamp":1777939795392,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,8,1]],"date-time":"2006-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1154390400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["New Media &amp; Society"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Recently, the major US music and movie companies have pursued a dramatic renovation in their approach to copyright enforcement. This shift, from the \u2018code\u2019 of law to the \u2018code\u2019 of software, looks to technologies themselves to regulate or make unavailable those uses of content traditionally handled through law. Critics worry about the \u2018compliance\u2019 rules built into such systems: design mandates for manufacturers indicating what users can and cannot do under particular conditions. But these are accompanied by a second set of limitations: \u2018robustness\u2019 rules. Robustness rules obligate manufacturers to build devices such that they prevent tinkering - not only must the technology regulate its users, it must be inscrutable to them. This article examines this aspect of technical copyright regulation, looking particularly at the Content Scramble System (CSS) encryption system for DVDs and the recent \u2018broadcast flag\u2019 proposed for digital television. In the name of preventing piracy, these arrangements threaten to undermine users\u2019 sense of agency with their own technologies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444806065662","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,19]],"date-time":"2006-07-19T08:40:01Z","timestamp":1153298401000},"page":"651-669","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Designed to \u2018effectively frustrate\u2019: copyright,                 technology and the agency of users"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Tarleton","family":"Gillespie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cornell University, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,8,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"atypb1","first-page":"1245","volume":"52","author":"Benkler, Y.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Duke Law Journal"},{"key":"atypb2","volume-title":"\u2018Final Report of the Co-chairs of the Broadcast Protection Discussion Subgroup to the Copy Protection Technical Working Group\u2019","author":"Broadcast Protection Discussion Group","year":"2002"},{"key":"atypb3","volume-title":"\u2018Studying the Amateur Artist: A Perspective on Disguising Data Collected in Human Subjects Research on the Internet\u2019","author":"Bruckman, A.","year":"2002"},{"issue":"3","key":"atypb4","first-page":"1089","volume":"13","author":"Cohen, J.","year":"1998","journal-title":"Berkeley Technology Law Journal"},{"issue":"2","key":"atypb5","first-page":"575","volume":"18","author":"Cohen, J.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Berkeley Technology Law Journal"},{"issue":"2","key":"atypb6","first-page":"603","volume":"25","author":"Crawford, S.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hastings Communication and Entertainment Law Journal"},{"key":"atypb7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5210\/fm.v9i11.1185"},{"key":"atypb8","volume-title":"\u2018CSS Specifications\u2019","author":"DVD Copy Control Association"},{"key":"atypb9","volume-title":"Appropriating Technology: Vernacular Science and Social Power","author":"Eglash, R.","year":"2004"},{"key":"atypb10","volume-title":"\u2018Reply Comments, in the Matter of: Digital Broadcast Content Protection\u2019","author":"Electronic Frontier Foundation","year":"2004"},{"key":"atypb11","volume-title":"\u2018In the Matter of Digital Broadcast Copy Protection, Notice of Proposed Rulemaking\u2019","author":"Federal Communications Commission","year":"2002"},{"key":"atypb12","volume-title":"\u2018Report and Order and Further Notice of Proposed Rulemaking, in the Matter of Digital Broadcast Content Protection\u2019","author":"Federal Communications Commission","year":"2003"},{"key":"atypb13","volume-title":"The Constitution of Society: Outline of the Theory of Structure","author":"Giddens, A.","year":"1984"},{"key":"atypb14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01972240490480938"},{"key":"atypb15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/7253.001.0001"},{"key":"atypb16","volume-title":"\u2018Hackers and Tinkerers and Amateurs... Oh My!\u2019","author":"Greenberg, J.","year":"2004"},{"key":"atypb17","volume-title":"The Irony of Regulatory Reform: The Deregulation of American Telecommunications","author":"Horwitz, R.","year":"1989"},{"key":"atypb18","volume-title":"Structures of Participation in Digital Culture","author":"Karaganis, J."},{"key":"atypb19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3107097"},{"key":"atypb20","volume-title":"Science in Action: How to Follow Scientists and Engineers Through Society","author":"Latour, B.","year":"1987"},{"key":"atypb21","volume-title":"Code, and Other Laws of Cyberspace","author":"Lessig, L.","year":"1999"},{"key":"atypb22","volume-title":"The Future of Ideas: The Fate of the Commons in a Connected World","author":"Lessig, L.","year":"2001"},{"key":"atypb23","volume-title":"Free Culture: How Big Media Uses Technology and the Law to Lock Down Culture and Control Creativity","author":"Lessig, L.","year":"2004"},{"key":"atypb24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/030631292022004006"},{"key":"atypb25","volume-title":"The Digital Dilemma: Intellectual Property in the Digital Age","author":"National Research Council","year":"2000"},{"key":"atypb26","volume-title":"Charting the Digital Broadcasting Future: Final Report of the Advisory Committee on Public Interest Obligations of Digital Television Broadcasters","author":"National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA)","year":"1998"},{"key":"atypb27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5210\/fm.v8i1.1018"},{"key":"atypb28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/orsc.3.3.398"},{"key":"atypb29","author":"Patrizio, A.","year":"1999","journal-title":"Wired News"},{"key":"atypb30","unstructured":"Ratto, M. (2003) \u2018The Pressure of Openness: the Hybrid Work of                 Linux Free\/Open Source Software Developers\u2019, PhD thesis, Department of                 Communication, University of California, San Diego."},{"key":"atypb31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12130-999-1026-0"},{"issue":"4","key":"atypb32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1145\/641205.641229","volume":"46","author":"Samuelson, P.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Communications of the ACM"},{"key":"atypb33","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Does Technology Drive History? The Dilemma of Technological Determinism","author":"Smith, M. R.","year":"1994"},{"key":"atypb34","first-page":"45","volume-title":"Free Software, Free Society: Selected Essays of Richard M. Stallman","author":"Stallman, R.","year":"2002"},{"key":"atypb35","first-page":"xiii","volume-title":"The Hacker Ethic","author":"Torvalds, L.","year":"2001"},{"key":"atypb36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4159\/9780674044999"},{"key":"atypb37","first-page":"58","volume-title":"A Sociology of Monsters: Essays on Power, Technology and Domination","author":"Woolgar, S.","year":"1991"}],"container-title":["New Media &amp; Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1461444806065662","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1461444806065662","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T05:29:00Z","timestamp":1777699740000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/1461444806065662"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,8]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/1461444806065662"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1461444806065662","relation":{},"ISSN":["1461-4448","1461-7315"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1461-4448","type":"print"},{"value":"1461-7315","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,8]]}}}