{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T00:10:12Z","timestamp":1777939812542,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,4,1]],"date-time":"2007-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1175385600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["New Media &amp; Society"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This study focuses on three email lists \u2014 one used by a professional organization (Friends of the Earth) and two by grass roots, street-level participants (Direct Action Network and People's Global Action) \u2014 in the Seattle World Trade Organization protests. Each list was examined in terms of how it contributed to the expression of collective identities online. Each group's list employed at least one of three processes identified here as key to collective identity: the Friends of the Earth list emphasized cognitive framing of the event; Direct Action Network focused on emotional investments among list members; and People's Global Action stressed setting boundaries among movement participants.Yet overall, none of the lists was entirely successful as a vehicle for expressing movement identities, suggesting that while the internet may facilitate certain organizational activities of social movements, it appears to have less impact on their symbolic ones.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444807075007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,21]],"date-time":"2007-03-21T08:22:54Z","timestamp":1174465374000},"page":"258-277","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":58,"title":["Social movements and email: expressions of online identity in the                 globalization protests"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Melissa A.","family":"Wall","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"California State University - Northridge, USA,"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","author":"Asaravala, A.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Wired"},{"key":"atypb2","unstructured":"Ayers, M.D.                  (2002) `Comparing Collective Identity in Online and Offline                     Feminist Activists', in                      M. McCaughey                  and                      M.D. Ayers                  (eds) Cyberactivism: Online Activism in Theory and Practice, pp.                 145\u201464.                      New York : Routledge                 ."},{"key":"atypb3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000271629956600111"},{"key":"atypb4","volume-title":"Subject: No Republicans","author":"Beck, J.","year":"1999"},{"key":"atypb5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1533-8525.1995.tb00447.x"},{"key":"atypb6","unstructured":"Carlsson, C.                  (1995) `The Shape of Truth to Come: New Media and                 Knowledge ', in                      G. Gerbner                 ,                      H. Mowlana                  and                      H. Schiller                  (eds) Invisible Crises:What Conglomerate Control of Media Means for                     America and the World, pp. 235\u201444.                      Boulder, CO: Westview Press                 ."},{"key":"atypb7","unstructured":"Clark, J.                  and                      N. Themudo                  (2003) `The Age of Protest: Internet-based \u201cDot                     Causes\u201d and the \u201cAnti-Globalization\u201d                 Movement', in                      J. Clark                  (ed.) Globalizing Civic Engagement; Civil Society and Transnational                 Action, pp. 109\u201426 London: Earthscan                 ."},{"issue":"2","key":"atypb8","first-page":"621","volume":"51","author":"Cleaver, H.","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of International Affairs"},{"key":"atypb9","volume-title":"5 Days that Shook the World: Seattle and Beyond","author":"Cockburn, A.","year":"2000"},{"key":"atypb10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0363-8111(99)80141-6"},{"key":"atypb11","unstructured":"De Armond, P.                  (2001) `Netwar in the Emerald City: WTO Protest Strategy and                 Tactics', in                      J. Arquilla                  and                      D. Ronfeldt                  (eds) Networks and Netwars, pp.                 201\u201435.                      Santa Monica, CA: RAND National Defense                         Research Institute                  ."},{"key":"atypb12","volume-title":"Social Movements: An Introduction","author":"della Porta, D.","year":"2000"},{"key":"atypb13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/105761099265766"},{"key":"atypb14","unstructured":"Denning, D.E.                  (2001) `Activism, Hactivism, and Cyberterrorism: The Internet                     as a Tool for Influencing Foreign Policy', in                      J. Arquilla                  and                      D. Ronfeldt                  (eds) Networks and Netwars, pp.                 239\u201488.                      Santa Monica, CA: RAND National Defense                         Research Institute                 ."},{"key":"atypb15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13691180051033333"},{"key":"atypb16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-2466.1989.tb01049.x"},{"key":"atypb17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4135\/9781452204994"},{"key":"atypb18","volume-title":"Cyber-Marx: Cycles and Circuits of Struggle in High-Technology Capitalism","author":"Dyer-Witheford, N.","year":"1999"},{"key":"atypb19","volume-title":"Urgent Action: Protest Letter to EU Ministers'","author":"Edwards, S.","year":"1999"},{"key":"atypb20","author":"Finnegan, W.","year":"2000","journal-title":"The New Yorker"},{"key":"atypb21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0002716293528001009"},{"key":"atypb22","unstructured":"George, S.                  (2000) `Fixing or Nixing the WTO', in                      K. Danaher                  and                      R. Burbach                  (eds) Globalize This! The Battle Against the World Trade Organization                     and Corporate Rule, pp. 53\u20148.                      Monroe, ME : Common Courage Press                 ."},{"key":"atypb23","volume-title":"One World, Ready or Not:The Manic Logic of Global Capitalism","author":"Greider, W.","year":"1997"},{"key":"atypb24","unstructured":"Guilloud, S.                  (2002) `Spark, Fire and Burning Coals: An Organizer's History                     of Seattle', in                      E.Yuen                 ,                      G. Katsiaficas                  and                      D.B. Rose                  (eds) The Battle of Seattle:The New Challenge to Capitalist                 Globalization, pp. 225\u201431.                      New York: Soft Skull Press                 ."},{"key":"atypb25","volume-title":"Persuasion and Privacy in Cyberspace:The Online Protests over Lotus Marketplace and the Clipper Chip. 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New York: Soft Skull Press                 ."},{"key":"atypb47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/089443930202000306"},{"key":"atypb48","volume-title":"The Virtual Community: Homesteading on the Electronic Frontier","author":"Rheingold, H.","year":"1993"},{"key":"atypb49","volume-title":"Smart Mobs:The Next Social Revolution","author":"Rheingold, H.","year":"2002"},{"key":"atypb50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203428511"},{"key":"atypb51","volume-title":"Subject: On Pacifists Trying to Control Others'","author":"Rogers, D.","year":"1999"},{"key":"atypb52","unstructured":"Shepard, B.                  (2004) `A Short Personal History of the Global Justice                 Movement', in                      E.Yuen                 ,                      D.B. Rose                  and                      G. Katsiaficas                  (eds) Confronting Capitalism: Dispatches from a Global Movement,                 pp. 375\u201488.                      New York: Soft Skull Press                 ."},{"key":"atypb53","unstructured":"Snow, D.A.                  and                      R.D. Benford                  (1992) `Master Frames and Cycles of Protest', in                      A. Morris                  and                      C.M. Mueller                  (eds) Frontiers in Social Movement Theory, pp.                 133\u201455.                      New Haven, CT:Yale University Press                 ."},{"key":"atypb54","volume-title":"paper presented at the 42nd International Studies Association Conference","author":"Smith, P.J."},{"key":"atypb55","unstructured":"Smith, P.J.                  and                      E. Smythe                  (2001b) `Globalization, Citizenship and Technology: The                     Multilateral Agreement on Investment (MAI) Meets the Internet', in                      F. Webster                  (ed.) 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