{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T15:44:02Z","timestamp":1776095042513,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,28]],"date-time":"2009-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1240876800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["New Media &amp; Society"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> This study surveyed 1261 internet users from five cities (Bangalore, Seoul, Singapore, Sydney and New York) to examine multinational internet users' perceptions and behavioural responses concerning online privacy. It identified a set of individual-level (demographics and internet-related experiences) and macro-level factors (nationality and national culture), and tested the extent to which they affected online privacy concerns and privacy protection behaviours. The results showed that individual differences (age, gender and internet experience), nationality and national culture significantly influenced internet users' privacy concerns to the extent that older, female internet users from an individualistic culture were more concerned about online privacy than their counterparts. The study also identified three underlying dimensions of privacy protection behaviour \u2014 avoidance, opt-out and proactive protection \u2014 and found that they distinctly related to the individual and macro-level factors. Overall, the findings highlight the conditional and multicultural nature of online privacy. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444808101618","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,28]],"date-time":"2009-04-28T11:13:56Z","timestamp":1240917236000},"page":"395-416","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":169,"title":["A multinational study on online privacy: global concerns and local responses"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"11","author":[{"family":"Hichang Cho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National University of Singapore, Singapore,"}]},{"given":"Milagros","family":"Rivera-S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National University of Singapore, Singapore,"}]},{"family":"Sun Sun Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National University of Singapore, Singapore,"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","volume-title":"`Are Online Surveys as Accurate as Offline Surveys?'","author":"AC Nielsen","year":"2005"},{"key":"atypb2","volume-title":"Social Learning Theory","author":"Bandura, A.","year":"1977"},{"key":"atypb3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01972240490507956"},{"key":"atypb4","first-page":"1","author":"Boey, D.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Straits Times (Singapore)"},{"issue":"2","key":"atypb5","first-page":"57","volume":"58","author":"Buchanan, T.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology"},{"key":"atypb6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0144929021000013491"},{"key":"atypb7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/249688"},{"key":"atypb8","volume-title":"`Consumers Continue Flocking to the Internet: Usage, Satisfaction and Trust Continue to Improve'","author":"Consumer Internet Barometer","year":"2003"},{"key":"atypb9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dir.10053"},{"key":"atypb10","volume-title":"Beyond Culture","author":"Hall, E.T.","year":"1977"},{"key":"atypb11","volume-title":"Culture's Consequences: International Differences in Work Related Values","author":"Hofstede, G.","year":"1980"},{"key":"atypb12","volume-title":"Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind","author":"Hofstede, G.","year":"1991"},{"key":"atypb13","volume-title":"`Annual Survey on Infocomm Usage in Households and by Individuals for 2004'","author":"Infocomm Development Authority","year":"2004"},{"key":"atypb14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/249433"},{"key":"atypb15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0165551506064902"},{"key":"atypb16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4018\/jgim.2004010102"},{"key":"atypb17","volume-title":"Surveillance Society: Monitoring Everyday Life","author":"Lyon, D.","year":"2001"},{"key":"atypb18","volume-title":"Groups Interacting with Technology","author":"McGrath, J.E.","year":"1984"},{"key":"atypb19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/isre.1040.0032"},{"key":"atypb20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13691180210159319"},{"key":"atypb21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/219663.219683"},{"key":"atypb22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/orsc.11.1.35.12567"},{"key":"atypb23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dir.4000080207"},{"key":"atypb24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-6606.2001.tb00101.x"},{"key":"atypb25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/146144804042523"},{"key":"atypb26","volume-title":"Legislating Privacy: Technology, Social Values and Public Policy","author":"Regan, P.","year":"1995"},{"key":"atypb27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13691180210159328"},{"key":"atypb28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327027HC1203_01"},{"key":"atypb29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2501\/JAR-43-3-322-329"},{"key":"atypb30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00223980.1975.9915803"},{"key":"atypb31","unstructured":"Rogers, R.W. (1983) `Cognitive and Physiological Processes in Fear Appeals and Attitude Change: A Revised Theory of Protection Motivation', in J. Cacioppo and R. Petty (eds) Social Psychophysiology: a Sourcebook, pp.153-76. New York: Guilford Press."},{"key":"atypb32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327752jpa6303_8"},{"key":"atypb33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1520-6653(199923)13:4<24::AID-DIR3>3.0.CO;2-O"},{"key":"atypb34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00913367.1999.10673588"},{"key":"atypb35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/07363760310506175"},{"key":"atypb36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/249477"},{"key":"atypb37","volume-title":"`TNS-TRUSTe Consumer Privacy Index Q4 2004: Consumer Behaviors and Attitudes about Privacy'","author":"Stark, D.","year":"2004"},{"key":"atypb38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/isre.13.1.36.97"},{"key":"atypb39","volume-title":"Tenth International Conference on Computers, Freedom, and Privacy","author":"Tam, J.C."},{"key":"atypb40","volume-title":"Culture and Social Behavior","author":"Triandis, H.C.","year":"1994"},{"key":"atypb41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1251635"},{"key":"atypb42","volume-title":"`The UCLA Internet Report: Surveying the Digital Future - Year Four'","author":"UCLA Center for Communication Policy","year":"2004"},{"key":"atypb43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dir.4000070104"},{"key":"atypb44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.44.9.1205"},{"key":"atypb45","volume-title":"Privacy and Freedom","author":"Westin, A.F.","year":"1967"},{"key":"atypb46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03637759209376276"},{"key":"atypb47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/02651330310485153"},{"key":"atypb48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15506878jobem4901_6"}],"container-title":["New Media &amp; Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1461444808101618","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1461444808101618","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]],"date-time":"2025-03-01T01:15:06Z","timestamp":1740791706000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/1461444808101618"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,28]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/1461444808101618"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1461444808101618","relation":{},"ISSN":["1461-4448","1461-7315"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1461-4448","type":"print"},{"value":"1461-7315","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,28]]}}}