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Drawing on a national sample of Americans who reported deliberating face-to-face and\/or online, we examine these two deliberative settings with regard to the participants, the motivations, the process, and the effects. Our findings, although tentative, suggest that the two settings are distinct in several important ways. Relative to face-to-face deliberation, online deliberation over-represents young, male, and white users, attracts more ideological moderates, generates more negative emotions, and is less likely to result in consensus and political action. At the same time, online deliberators perceived online settings as more politically and racially diverse. Implications for understanding the democratic potential of different forms of deliberation are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444811413191","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,20]],"date-time":"2011-09-20T03:27:26Z","timestamp":1316489246000},"page":"363-383","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":131,"title":["Online versus face-to-face deliberation: Who? Why? What? With what effects?"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Young Min","family":"Baek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Seoul National University, South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magdalena","family":"Wojcieszak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IE University, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael X.","family":"Delli Carpini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1461444811413191","volume-title":"Between Past and Future: Eight Exercises in Political Thought","author":"Arendt H","year":"1968"},{"key":"bibr2-1461444811413191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jesp.1998.1371"},{"key":"bibr3-1461444811413191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1540-4560.00247"},{"key":"bibr4-1461444811413191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9780691234168-005"},{"key":"bibr5-1461444811413191","volume-title":"Paper presented at Polarization of American Politics: Myth or Reality?","author":"Bishop B","year":"2004"},{"key":"bibr6-1461444811413191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167203029006007"},{"key":"bibr7-1461444811413191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ejsp.2420180205"},{"key":"bibr8-1461444811413191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/104649602237169"},{"key":"bibr9-1461444811413191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0002764205279401"},{"key":"bibr10-1461444811413191","volume-title":"The Voice of the People: Public Opinion and Democracy","author":"Fishkin JS","year":"1995"},{"key":"bibr11-1461444811413191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/466240"},{"key":"bibr12-1461444811413191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13691180600630773"},{"key":"bibr13-1461444811413191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/105846099198749"},{"key":"bibr14-1461444811413191","volume-title":"Democracy and Disagreement","author":"Gutmann A","year":"1996"},{"key":"bibr15-1461444811413191","volume-title":"The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: An Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society","author":"Habermas J","year":"1991"},{"key":"bibr16-1461444811413191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/105846097199515"},{"key":"bibr17-1461444811413191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7208\/chicago\/9780226389899.001.0001"},{"key":"bibr18-1461444811413191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/376947"},{"key":"bibr19-1461444811413191","unstructured":"Luskin RC, Fishkin JS, Iyengar S (2006) Considered Opinions on U.S. Foreign Policy: Evidence from Online and Face-to-Face Deliberative Polling. 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