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Although past studies have generally found positive \u2013 albeit weak or moderate \u2013 relationships between social networking sites use and civic and political participation, reliance on cross-sectional surveys has not produced conclusive evidence of the direction of causality. We use a two-wave panel survey of 15- and 16-year-olds to examine how Facebook use affects various forms of political and non-political entertainment-oriented participation (both online and offline). We find that Facebook use is positively related to civic and entertainment-oriented, but not to online or offline political, participation. Further analysis using structural equation modelling shows that prior levels of civic participation have a stronger effect on Facebook use than Facebook use has on civic participation. Facebook use only leads clearly to entertainment-oriented participation. The implications of these findings are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444814549006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,28]],"date-time":"2014-08-28T22:34:14Z","timestamp":1409265254000},"page":"817-836","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["Stimulating citizenship or expanding entertainment? The effect of Facebook on adolescent participation"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Yannis","family":"Theocharis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Mannheim, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ellen","family":"Quintelier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KU Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1461444814549006","unstructured":"Bachmann I, De Zuniga H (2013) News Platform Preference as a predictor of political and civic participation. Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies. 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