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It succeeds \u2013 gaming spreads \u2013 but fails in that to present gaming effectively as an attractive leisure pursuit, gaming discourse has to absorb accusations of abnormality that were levelled at computer culture from the outset. Hence, \u2018addictive\u2019 gameplay becomes a good thing; the gamer is distinguished from the computer obsessive but is still defined as a \u2018freak\u2019, and gaming, having been presented as a realm of creative self-expression within the computer culture, becomes subject to the discourse of normal and correct computational practice. Gaming cannot escape the logic of its field, which determines that it will always try to be something more and better than gaming.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444814558905","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,20]],"date-time":"2014-11-20T01:49:28Z","timestamp":1416448168000},"page":"1439-1454","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Making games normal: Computer gaming discourse in the 1980s"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Graeme","family":"Kirkpatrick","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Manchester, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1461444814558905","volume-title":"The Field of Cultural Production","author":"Bourdieu P","year":"1993"},{"key":"bibr2-1461444814558905","volume-title":"The Rules of Art","author":"Bourdieu P","year":"2005"},{"key":"bibr3-1461444814558905","volume-title":"The Normal and the Pathological","author":"Canguilheim G","year":"1989"},{"key":"bibr4-1461444814558905","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15295030109367123"},{"key":"bibr5-1461444814558905","volume-title":"A History of Modern Computing","author":"Ceruzzi P","year":"2000"},{"key":"bibr6-1461444814558905","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/ijsl.1996.0015"},{"key":"bibr7-1461444814558905","volume-title":"Cheating: Gaining Advantage in Videogames","author":"Consalvo M","year":"2008"},{"key":"bibr8-1461444814558905","volume-title":"Video Gamers","author":"Crawford G","year":"2012"},{"key":"bibr9-1461444814558905","volume-title":"The Practice of Everyday Life","author":"De Certeau M","year":"1988"},{"key":"bibr10-1461444814558905","volume-title":"Game Cultures: Computer Games as New Media","author":"Dovey J","year":"2006"},{"key":"bibr11-1461444814558905","volume-title":"Fire in the Valley: The Making of the Personal Computer","author":"Freiberger P","year":"1984"},{"key":"bibr12-1461444814558905","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09505438809526198"},{"key":"bibr13-1461444814558905","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203401491_chapter_5"},{"key":"bibr14-1461444814558905","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MAHC.2010.55"},{"key":"bibr15-1461444814558905","unstructured":"Kimines D (n.d.) 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