{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T23:19:35Z","timestamp":1777936775317,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,14]],"date-time":"2015-01-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1421193600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["New Media &amp; Society"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This research explores hacktivism as a new form of online political activism. It uses qualitative interviews with a gender-equal sample of 10 self-defined hacktivists to address issues of gender and the discursive strategies used by males and females to handle the hacktivist community\u2019s male-only stereotype. The semi-structured interviews are analysed using Foucauldian discourse analysis (FDA). The analysis indicates that male hacktivists relate to this dominant male-only representation through discursive techniques such as the suppression of gender (Male Oblivious Discourse) or mechanisms of vindication (Male Justification Discourse). Female hacktivists use the accentuation of gender and sexism to counteract male-dominant discourses and establish Female Discourses of Resistance (Emphasis Discourse; Negation Discourse). These gender-related argumentative positions and rhetorical mechanisms demonstrate how the male-only stereotype is created and maintained and how it affects not only hacktivists\u2019 talk and sense-making but also their identity and the hacktivist actions they perform.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444814567983","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,15]],"date-time":"2015-01-15T00:29:58Z","timestamp":1421281798000},"page":"1599-1615","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Hacktivism and the male-only stereotype"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Leonie Maria","family":"Tanczer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Queen\u2019s University Belfast, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1461444814567983","volume-title":"Smothered by Invention: Technology in Women\u2019s Lives","author":"Arnold E","year":"1985"},{"key":"bibr2-1461444814567983","first-page":"311","volume-title":"Queer Theory Sociology","author":"Ault A","year":"1996"},{"key":"bibr3-1461444814567983","volume-title":"Prejudice: Its Social Psychology","author":"Brown R","year":"2010"},{"key":"bibr4-1461444814567983","volume-title":"Killing Like a Girl: Gendered Gaming and Girl Gamers\u2019 Visibility","author":"Bryce J","year":"2002"},{"key":"bibr5-1461444814567983","volume-title":"Social Constructionism","author":"Burr V","year":"2003"},{"key":"bibr6-1461444814567983","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1474885111430617"},{"key":"bibr7-1461444814567983","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9781400845293"},{"key":"bibr8-1461444814567983","first-page":"139","author":"Crenshaw K","year":"1989","journal-title":"The University of Chicago Legal Forum"},{"key":"bibr9-1461444814567983","volume-title":"Oxford Dictionary of Word Origins","author":"Cresswell J","year":"2010"},{"key":"bibr10-1461444814567983","first-page":"239","volume-title":"Networks and Netwars: The Future of Terror, Crime, and Militancy","author":"Denning DE","year":"2001"},{"key":"bibr11-1461444814567983","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0957926502013001003"},{"key":"bibr12-1461444814567983","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0747-5632(02)00006-7"},{"key":"bibr13-1461444814567983","volume-title":"Power, Discourse, and Resistance: A Genealogy of the Strangeways Prison Riot","author":"Eamonn C","year":"2004"},{"key":"bibr14-1461444814567983","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.53.100901.135228"},{"key":"bibr15-1461444814567983","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-5395(00)00166-7"},{"key":"bibr16-1461444814567983","volume-title":"Language, Counter-Memory, Practice: Selected Essays and Interviews","author":"Foucault M","year":"1977"},{"key":"bibr17-1461444814567983","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2013.07.014"},{"key":"bibr18-1461444814567983","volume-title":"Our Androcentric Culture: Or the Man-made World","author":"Gilman CP","year":"1971"},{"key":"bibr19-1461444814567983","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/543812.543853"},{"key":"bibr20-1461444814567983","volume-title":"@ Is for Activism: Dissent, Resistance and Rebellion in a Digital Culture","author":"Hands J","year":"2011"},{"key":"bibr21-1461444814567983","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167299025007004"},{"key":"bibr22-1461444814567983","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.47.1.237"},{"key":"bibr23-1461444814567983","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.58.2.197"},{"key":"bibr24-1461444814567983","volume-title":"The Handbook of Language and Gender","author":"Holmes J","year":"2008"},{"key":"bibr25-1461444814567983","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/0162-895X.00230"},{"key":"bibr26-1461444814567983","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pa.161"},{"key":"bibr27-1461444814567983","volume-title":"Activism!: Direct Action, Hacktivism and the Future of Society","author":"Jordan T","year":"2002"},{"key":"bibr28-1461444814567983","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-954X.00139"},{"key":"bibr29-1461444814567983","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203490037"},{"key":"bibr30-1461444814567983","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4471-3875-4_12"},{"key":"bibr31-1461444814567983","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1215\/9780822389002"},{"key":"bibr32-1461444814567983","volume-title":"We are Legion: The Story of the Hacktivists","author":"Knappenberger B","year":"2012"},{"key":"bibr33-1461444814567983","unstructured":"K\u00fchn LM (2012) Heterosexismus Hacken: Spannungsfelder und Potenziale zum Aufbruch von Geschlechterverh\u00e4ltnissen in der Hacker*szene. 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