{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T23:19:21Z","timestamp":1777936761594,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,9]],"date-time":"2016-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1468022400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["New Media &amp; Society"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Recent studies investigated the effect of e-campaigning on the electoral performance. However, little attention has been paid to the content of e-campaigning. Given that political parties broadcast minute-by-minute the campaign messages on social media, this comprehensive and unmediated information can be useful to evaluate the impact of different electoral strategies. Accordingly, this article examines the electoral campaign for the 2013 Italian general election to assess the effectiveness of positive and negative campaigning messages, measured through content analysis of information published on the official Twitter accounts of Italian parties. We evaluate their impact on the share of unsolicited voting intentions expressed on Twitter, measured through an innovative technique of sentiment analysis. Our results show that negative campaign has positive effects and its impact is stronger when the attacker is meanwhile under attack. Conversely, we only find a circumstantial effect of positive campaign related to clientelistic and distributive appeals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444815571915","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,11]],"date-time":"2015-02-11T20:28:02Z","timestamp":1423686482000},"page":"1935-1955","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":79,"title":["E-campaigning on Twitter: The effectiveness of distributive promises and negative campaign in the 2013 Italian election"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Andrea","family":"Ceron","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giovanna","family":"d\u2019Adda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Politecnico di Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1461444815571915","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1957570"},{"key":"bibr2-1461444815571915","volume-title":"Going Negative: How Political Advertisements Shrink and Polarize the Electorate","author":"Ansolabehere S","year":"1995"},{"key":"bibr3-1461444815571915","first-page":"1","volume":"20","author":"Bakker TP","year":"2011","journal-title":"Communication Research"},{"key":"bibr4-1461444815571915","volume-title":"Signaling Games in Political Science","author":"Banks JS","year":"1991"},{"key":"bibr5-1461444815571915","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1369118X.2011.579141"},{"key":"bibr6-1461444815571915","volume-title":"Explaining and Predicting Elections: Issue Effects and Party Strategies in Twenty-Three Democracies","author":"Budge I","year":"1983"},{"key":"bibr7-1461444815571915","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0092-5853.2004.00099.x"},{"key":"bibr8-1461444815571915","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3167\/ip.2014.290109"},{"key":"bibr9-1461444815571915","volume-title":"Social Media e Sentiment Analysis. 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