{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T23:19:58Z","timestamp":1777936798785,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,9]],"date-time":"2016-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1468022400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["New Media &amp; Society"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The 2013 Steubenville, Ohio, rape case featured a sadly familiar story of juvenile acquaintance rape involving star football players; what captured national interest in the case, however, was how the rapists and peer witnesses alike captured video and photos of the sexual assault and disseminated them swiftly and publicly via social media sites. This qualitative textual analysis utilizes framing theory to explore how national news coverage framed new media technology in relation to the Steubenville rape case, particularly how technology was framed as witness, galvanizer, and threat during the rape and its aftermath. Implications of these frames, as well as a lack of broader sexual assault context in the media coverage, are considered.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444815612407","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,26]],"date-time":"2015-10-26T21:33:28Z","timestamp":1445895208000},"page":"2435-2451","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["When new media make news: Framing technology and sexual assault in the Steubenville rape case"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Rosemary","family":"Pennington","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Miami University, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Birthisel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bridgewater State University, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1461444815612407","unstructured":"Associated Press\n                      (2013a) Defense: Move Ohio football players\u2019 rape trial. Associated Press, 12 January. Available at: http:\/\/collegefootball.ap.org\/article\/defense-move-ohio-football-players-rape-trial"},{"key":"bibr2-1461444815612407","unstructured":"Associated Press\n                      (2013b) Ohio judge won\u2019t move football players\u2019 rape trial. Associated Press, 31 January. Available at: http:\/\/www.daily-jeff.com\/ap%20state\/2013\/01\/31\/ohio-judge-won-t-move-football-players-rape-trial"},{"key":"bibr3-1461444815612407","volume-title":"Personal Connections in the Digital Age","author":"Baym N","year":"2010"},{"key":"bibr4-1461444815612407","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1468077022000034817"},{"key":"bibr5-1461444815612407","volume-title":"Remediation: Understanding New Media","author":"Bolter JD","year":"1999"},{"key":"bibr6-1461444815612407","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/089124396010002003"},{"key":"bibr7-1461444815612407","volume-title":"It\u2019s Complicated: The Social Lives of Networked Teens","author":"boyd d","year":"2014"},{"key":"bibr8-1461444815612407","unstructured":"Bumgarner BA (2007) You have been poked: exploring the uses and gratifications of Facebook among emerging adults. First Monday 12(11). Available at: http:\/\/firstmonday.org\/article\/view\/2026\/1897"},{"key":"bibr9-1461444815612407","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.38.2.217"},{"key":"bibr10-1461444815612407","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2010.10.023"},{"key":"bibr11-1461444815612407","unstructured":"Clark-Flory T (2015) Close to homeless, Steubenville hacker Deric Lostutter turns to porn. Salon, 31 March. Available at: http:\/\/www.salon.com\/2015\/03\/31\/close_to_homeless_steubenville_hacker_deric_lostutter_turns_to_porn_if_it_makes_money_it_makes_money\/"},{"key":"bibr12-1461444815612407","unstructured":"CNN\n                      (2013) 4 more school employees charged in Steubenville rape case. CNN, 26 November. Available at: http:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2013\/11\/25\/justice\/ohio-steubenville-rape-case\/"},{"key":"bibr13-1461444815612407","unstructured":"Daily Mail Reporter (2012) Two high school football stars charged with rape and kidnapping 16-year-old girl. Daily Mail, 2 September. Available at: http:\/\/www.dailymail.co.uk\/news\/article-2197179\/Two-high-school-football-stars-charged-raping-kidnapping-16-year-old-girl.html"},{"key":"bibr14-1461444815612407","volume-title":"Media Life","author":"Deuze M","year":"2012"},{"key":"bibr15-1461444815612407","unstructured":"Dissell R (2012) Rape charges against high school players divide football town of Steubenville, Ohio. Cleveland.com, 2 September. Available at: http:\/\/www.cleveland.com\/metro\/index.ssf\/2012\/09\/rape_charges_divide_football_t.html"},{"key":"bibr16-1461444815612407","first-page":"761","volume":"65","author":"Edwards KM","year":"2011","journal-title":"Feminist Forum"},{"key":"bibr17-1461444815612407","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-2466.1993.tb01304.x"},{"key":"bibr18-1461444815612407","volume-title":"America Calling: A Social History of the Telephone to 1940","author":"Fischer CS","year":"1994"},{"key":"bibr19-1461444815612407","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11199-007-9372-4"},{"key":"bibr20-1461444815612407","unstructured":"Franko K (2013) Video causes web furor over OH athletes\u2019 rape case. Associated Press, 4 January. 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Available at: http:\/\/www.slate.com\/blogs\/xx_factor\/2014\/08\/11\/ma_lik_richmond_returns_to_football_in_steubenville_let_s_let_him_get_on.html"},{"key":"bibr26-1461444815612407","unstructured":"Keller B (2013) Invasion of the data snatchers. The New York Times, 14 January. Available at: http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2013\/01\/14\/opinion\/keller-invasion-of-the-data-snatchers.html"},{"issue":"6","key":"bibr27-1461444815612407","first-page":"5","volume":"26","author":"Khalek R","year":"2013","journal-title":"Extra!"},{"key":"bibr28-1461444815612407","unstructured":"Macur J (2012) Hackers demanding apology in rape case. The New York Times, 25 December. Available at: http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2012\/12\/25\/sports\/hackers-of-steubenville-football-teams-web-site-demand-apology-in-rape-case.html"},{"key":"bibr29-1461444815612407","unstructured":"Macur J, Schweber N (2012) Rape case unfolds on web and splits city. The New York Times, 17 December. Available at: http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2012\/12\/17\/sports\/high-school-football-rape-case-unfolds-online-and-divides-steubenville-ohio.html"},{"key":"bibr30-1461444815612407","volume-title":"When Old Technologies Were New: Thinking about Electric Communication in the Late Nineteenth Century","author":"Marvin C","year":"1988"},{"key":"bibr31-1461444815612407","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14680770903457071"},{"key":"bibr32-1461444815612407","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-2466.1994.tb00676.x"},{"key":"bibr33-1461444815612407","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0963947012444217"},{"key":"bibr34-1461444815612407","unstructured":"Oppel RA (2013a) Accuser testifies in Ohio case; verdict expected. The New York Times, 17 March. Available at: http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2013\/03\/17\/us\/rape-trial-in-steubenville-ohio.html?_r=0"},{"key":"bibr35-1461444815612407","unstructured":"Oppel RA (2013b) Ohio teenagers guilty in rape that social media brought to light. The New York Times, 18 March. Available at: http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2013\/03\/18\/us\/teenagers-found-guilty-in-rape-in-steubenville-ohio.html"},{"key":"bibr36-1461444815612407","unstructured":"Overholser G (1989) Why hide rapes? The New York Times, 11 July. Available at: http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1989\/07\/11\/opinion\/why-hide-rapes.html"},{"key":"bibr37-1461444815612407","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10584609.1993.9962963"},{"key":"bibr38-1461444815612407","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01972240600904159"},{"key":"bibr39-1461444815612407","unstructured":"Preston J (2013) How blogger helped the Steubenville rape case unfold online. The New York Times, 18 March. Available at: http:\/\/thelede.blogs.nytimes.com\/2013\/03\/18\/how-blogger-helped-steubenville-rape-case-unfold-online\/?_r=0"},{"key":"bibr40-1461444815612407","unstructured":"Rape, Assault and Incest National Network (RAINN) (n.d.a) Reporting rates. Available at: https:\/\/www.rainn.org\/get-information\/statistics\/reporting-rates"},{"key":"bibr41-1461444815612407","unstructured":"Rape, Assault and Incest National Network (RAINN) (n.d.b) Who are the victims? Available at: https:\/\/www.rainn.org\/get-information\/statistics\/sexual-assault-victims"},{"key":"bibr42-1461444815612407","unstructured":"Rape Myths (n.d.) Rape myths\u2014women against violence against women rape crisis. Available at: http:\/\/www.wavaw.ca\/mythbusting\/rape-myths\/"},{"key":"bibr43-1461444815612407","unstructured":"Ross W (2013) Steubenville rape case splits town between Big Red and Guy Fawkes. The Daily Beast, 17 January. Available at: http:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/articles\/2013\/01\/07\/steubenville-rape-case-splits-town-between-big-red-and-guy-fawkes.html"},{"key":"bibr44-1461444815612407","volume-title":"Page One News: Inside The New York Times","author":"Rossi A","year":"2011"},{"key":"bibr45-1461444815612407","unstructured":"Singer D (2013) Steubenville rape trial verdict to be handed down today. The Huffington Post, 17 March. Available at: http:\/\/www.huffingtonpost.com\/2013\/03\/17\/steubenville-rape-trial-verdict_n_2895526.html?ir=India&adsSiteOverride=in"},{"key":"bibr46-1461444815612407","unstructured":"Smith N (2014) \u201cYes means yes\u201d California SB 967 sex assault bill signed by gov. ABC7 Chicago, 29 September. Available at: http:\/\/abc7chicago.com\/news\/yes-means-yes-california-sb-967-sex-assault-bill-signed\/328741\/"},{"key":"bibr47-1461444815612407","unstructured":"Testa J (2013) Why the \u201crape girls\u201d are speaking out. Buzzfeed, 3 December. 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Available at: http:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/politics\/national-digest-cancer-treatments-affect-on-heart-la-fire-continues\/2013\/03\/13\/06ccae24-8c1c-11e2-9f54-f3fdd70acad2_story.html"},{"key":"bibr51-1461444815612407","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15295039809367039"},{"key":"bibr52-1461444815612407","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/7445.003.0013"},{"key":"bibr53-1461444815612407","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-2466.2006.00329.x"},{"key":"bibr54-1461444815612407","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5204\/mcj.337"},{"key":"bibr55-1461444815612407","unstructured":"Welsh-Huggins A (2013a) Witness cooperation urged in football rape case. Associated Press, 10 January. Available at: http:\/\/www.huffingtonpost.com\/huff-wires\/20130110\/us-football-players-rape-charges\/"},{"key":"bibr56-1461444815612407","unstructured":"Welsh-Huggins A (2013b) Steubenville High School rape case: online threats complicate Ohio school rape case. Associated Press, 13 January. Available at: http:\/\/www.huffingtonpost.com\/2013\/01\/13\/online-threats-complicate-high-school-rape-case_n_2467077.html"},{"key":"bibr57-1461444815612407","unstructured":"Welsh-Huggins A (2013c) Ohio judge weighs whether to keep rape trial open. Associated Press, 23 January. Available at: http:\/\/www.huffingtonpost.com\/huff-wires\/20130123\/us-football-players-rape-charges\/?utm_hp_ref=arts&ir=arts"},{"key":"bibr58-1461444815612407","unstructured":"Welsh-Huggins A (2013d) 2 Ohio football players face trial in rape case. Associated Press, 9 March. Available at: http:\/\/www.fox5vegas.com\/story\/21564635\/2-ohio-football-players-face-trial-in-rape-case"},{"key":"bibr59-1461444815612407","first-page":"A03","author":"Welsh-Huggins A","year":"2013","journal-title":"The Washington Post"},{"key":"bibr60-1461444815612407","unstructured":"Welsh-Huggins A, Sanner A (2013) Steubenville, Ohio schools in football rape case add guards \u2018to improve safety of students\u2019. Associated Press, 9 January. Available at: http:\/\/www.huffingtonpost.com\/2013\/01\/09\/steubenville-ohio-schools_n_2439707.html"},{"key":"bibr61-1461444815612407","volume-title":"Mass Media Research: An Introduction","author":"Wimmer RD","year":"2006","edition":"8"}],"container-title":["New Media &amp; Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1461444815612407","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/1461444815612407","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1461444815612407","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T03:43:48Z","timestamp":1777693428000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/1461444815612407"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,9]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/1461444815612407"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1461444815612407","relation":{},"ISSN":["1461-4448","1461-7315"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1461-4448","type":"print"},{"value":"1461-7315","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,9]]}}}