{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T23:20:10Z","timestamp":1777936810433,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,9]],"date-time":"2016-02-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1454976000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["New Media &amp; Society"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The cultural appropriation of ideas about hacking and opening knowledge have had significant impact on ways of developing participation in creating public interest knowledge and knowledge commons. In particular, the ideal of hacking as developed through studies of free and open source (F\/OS) has highlighted the value of processes of participation, including participatory governance, in relation to the value of expanded accessibility of knowledge, including knowledge commons. Yet, these means and ends are often conflated. This article employs three examples of projects where hacker-inspired perspectives on scientific knowledge conflict with institutional perspectives. Each example develops differently the relationships between means and ends in relation to authority and legitimacy. The article\u2019s analysis suggests that while hacker culture\u2019s focus on authority through participation has had great traction in business and in public interest science, this may come limit the contribution to knowledge in the public interest - especially knowledge commons.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444816629470","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,9]],"date-time":"2016-02-09T21:29:34Z","timestamp":1455053374000},"page":"600-616","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Hacking in the public interest: Authority, legitimacy, means, and ends"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Alison","family":"Powell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"London School of Economics and Political Science, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1461444816629470","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10982-011-9114-1"},{"key":"bibr2-1461444816629470","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03085147.2013.791510"},{"key":"bibr3-1461444816629470","volume-title":"The Wealth of Networks: How Social Production Transforms Markets and Freedom","author":"Benkler Y","year":"2006"},{"key":"bibr4-1461444816629470","volume-title":"The Penguin and the Leviathan: How Cooperation Triumphs Over Self-Interest","author":"Benkler Y","year":"2011"},{"key":"bibr5-1461444816629470","volume-title":"Organization in Open Source Communities: At the Crossroads of the Gift and Market Economies","author":"Berdou E","year":"2011"},{"key":"bibr6-1461444816629470","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14763\/2014.4.340."},{"key":"bibr7-1461444816629470","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1350507611408676"},{"key":"bibr8-1461444816629470","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10767-006-9006-9"},{"key":"bibr9-1461444816629470","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10304312.2011.539157"},{"key":"bibr10-1461444816629470","volume-title":"The Imaginary Institution of Society","author":"Castoriadis C","year":"1987"},{"key":"bibr11-1461444816629470","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctt1r2gbj"},{"key":"bibr12-1461444816629470","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1463499608093814"},{"key":"bibr13-1461444816629470","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/210040"},{"key":"bibr14-1461444816629470","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7208\/chicago\/9780226113821.001.0001"},{"key":"bibr15-1461444816629470","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0306312702032002003"},{"key":"bibr16-1461444816629470","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dafermos G (2001) Management and virtual decentralised networks: the Linux project. First Monday 6. Available at: http:\/\/firstmonday.org\/htbin\/cgiwrap\/bin\/ojs\/index.php\/fm\/article\/view\/1481\/1396 (accessed 20 February 2015).","DOI":"10.5210\/fm.v6i11.898"},{"key":"bibr17-1461444816629470","first-page":"1","volume":"1","author":"Dafermos G","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Peer Production"},{"key":"bibr18-1461444816629470","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/030981680909700104"},{"key":"bibr19-1461444816629470","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/9568.003.0022"},{"key":"bibr20-1461444816629470","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08838150903550451"},{"key":"bibr21-1461444816629470","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/9568.003.0007"},{"key":"bibr22-1461444816629470","volume-title":"Questioning Technology","author":"Feenberg A","year":"2008"},{"key":"bibr23-1461444816629470","unstructured":"Fluckiger F (2012) Final Report of the Open Source Software Licence Task Force. CERN. Available at: http:\/\/cds.cern.ch\/record\/1482206?ln=en (accessed 8 September 2014)."},{"key":"bibr24-1461444816629470","unstructured":"Fuster Morell M (2010) Governance of online creation communities. Provision of infrastructure for the building of digital commons. Unpublished doctoral thesis, European University Institute, Florence."},{"key":"bibr25-1461444816629470","volume-title":"Hacking: Digital Media and Technological Determinism","author":"Jordan T","year":"2008"},{"key":"bibr26-1461444816629470","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1525\/can.2005.20.2.185"},{"key":"bibr27-1461444816629470","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1215\/9780822389002"},{"key":"bibr28-1461444816629470","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4159\/9780674039681"},{"key":"bibr29-1461444816629470","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kostakis V (2010) Peer governance and Wikipedia: identifying and understanding the problems of Wikipedia\u2019s governance. First Monday 15(3). Available at: http:\/\/firstmonday.org\/ojs\/index.php\/fm\/article\/view\/2613 (accessed 20 February 2015).","DOI":"10.5210\/fm.v15i3.2613"},{"key":"bibr30-1461444816629470","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1367877913519310"},{"key":"bibr31-1461444816629470","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/385280"},{"key":"bibr32-1461444816629470","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/itgg.2007.2.3.97"},{"key":"bibr33-1461444816629470","volume-title":"Code and Other Laws of Cyberspace (Version 2.0)","author":"Lessig L","year":"2006"},{"key":"bibr34-1461444816629470","volume-title":"Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution","author":"Levy S","year":"1984"},{"key":"bibr35-1461444816629470","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infoecopol.2008.06.001"},{"key":"bibr36-1461444816629470","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18352\/ijc.395"},{"key":"bibr37-1461444816629470","first-page":"341","volume-title":"International Handbook of Internet Research","author":"Mansell R","year":"2010"},{"key":"bibr38-1461444816629470","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infoecopol.2008.06.001"},{"key":"bibr39-1461444816629470","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infoecopol.2008.06.001"},{"key":"bibr40-1461444816629470","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McQuillan D (2014) The countercultural potential of citizen science. M\/C Journal 17(6). Available at: http:\/\/journal.media-culture.org.au\/index.php\/mcjournal\/article\/view\/919 (accessed 23 February 2015).","DOI":"10.5204\/mcj.919"},{"key":"bibr41-1461444816629470","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/9568.003.0005"},{"key":"bibr42-1461444816629470","volume-title":"Rebel Code: Inside Linux and the Open Source Revolution","author":"Moody G","year":"2002"},{"key":"bibr43-1461444816629470","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511807763"},{"key":"bibr44-1461444816629470","unstructured":"Perens B (2014) Interview: ask Bruce Perens what you will. Slashdot. Available at: http:\/\/interviews.slashdot.org\/story\/14\/04\/03\/1350216\/interview-ask-bruce-perens-what-you-will (accessed 8 September 2014)."},{"key":"bibr45-1461444816629470","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0163443712449497"},{"key":"bibr46-1461444816629470","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0163443714567169."},{"key":"bibr47-1461444816629470","volume-title":"PublicLab Annual Report 2013","author":"PublicLab","year":"2014"},{"key":"bibr48-1461444816629470","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01972243.2011.583819"},{"key":"bibr49-1461444816629470","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/9568.001.0001"},{"key":"bibr50-1461444816629470","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0002764213479370"},{"key":"bibr51-1461444816629470","volume-title":"Hacking Capitalism: The Free and Open Source Software Movement","author":"Soderberg J","year":"2008"},{"key":"bibr52-1461444816629470","first-page":"53","volume-title":"Open Sources- Voices from the Open Source Revolution","author":"Stallman R","year":"1999"},{"key":"bibr53-1461444816629470","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0162243910377624"},{"key":"bibr54-1461444816629470","unstructured":"Superflux (2014) IoTA: Internet-of-Things Academy, Phase 2. Available at: http:\/\/www.superflux.in\/work\/iota-phase2 (accessed 20 February 2015)."},{"key":"bibr55-1461444816629470","volume-title":"Wikinomics: How Mass Collaboration Changes Everything","author":"Tapscott D","year":"2006"},{"key":"bibr56-1461444816629470","volume-title":"Hacker Culture","author":"Thomas D","year":"2002"},{"key":"bibr57-1461444816629470","volume-title":"Future Shock","author":"Toffler A","year":"1970"},{"key":"bibr58-1461444816629470","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/2333.001.0001"},{"key":"bibr59-1461444816629470","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4159\/9780674044845"},{"key":"bibr60-1461444816629470","first-page":"69","volume-title":"Digital Labor: The Internet as Playground and Factory","author":"Wark M","year":"2013"},{"key":"bibr61-1461444816629470","unstructured":"Warren J, Regalado C (2014) Response to \u201cHow do DIY processes encourage citizen participation?\u201d PublicLab Research Notes. Available at: http:\/\/publiclab.org\/notes\/Cindy_ExCites\/06-25-2014\/response-to-how-do-diy-processes-encourage-citizen-participation (accessed 20 February 2015)."},{"key":"bibr62-1461444816629470","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4159\/9780674044999"},{"key":"bibr63-1461444816629470","unstructured":"Wilbanks J (2007) Cyberinfrastructure for knowledge sharing. CTWatch Quarterly 3(3). Available at: http:\/\/www.ctwatch.org\/quarterly\/articles\/2007\/08\/cyberinfrastructure-for-knowledge-sharing\/ (accessed 20 February 2015)."}],"container-title":["New Media &amp; Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1461444816629470","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/1461444816629470","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1461444816629470","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T03:44:21Z","timestamp":1777693461000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/1461444816629470"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,9]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/1461444816629470"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1461444816629470","relation":{},"ISSN":["1461-4448","1461-7315"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1461-4448","type":"print"},{"value":"1461-7315","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,9]]}}}