{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T14:10:08Z","timestamp":1775743808598,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,7]],"date-time":"2016-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1467849600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["New Media &amp; Society"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> In the United States the prevailing public policy approach to mitigating the harms of internet surveillance is grounded in the liberal democratic value of transparency. While a laudable goal, transparency runs up against insurmountable structural constraints within the political economy of commercial surveillance. A case study of the data broker industry reveals the limits of transparency and shows that commodification of personal information is at the root of the power imbalances that transparency-based strategies of consumer empowerment seek to rectify. Despite significant challenges, privacy policy must be more centrally informed by a critical political economy of commercial surveillance. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444816657096","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,8]],"date-time":"2016-07-08T02:43:44Z","timestamp":1467945824000},"page":"88-104","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":142,"title":["The limits of transparency: Data brokers and commodification"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Matthew","family":"Crain","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Queens College, City University of New York, USA"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1461444816657096","unstructured":"Acxiom Corporation (2012) Annual report 2012, 28 May, Little Rock, Arkansas. 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