{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T21:27:21Z","timestamp":1772400441755,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,22]],"date-time":"2017-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1503360000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["New Media &amp; Society"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> This longitudinal study explores differences in Internet access and use among school-aged children in Italian-speaking Switzerland and whether and how these differences contribute to inequalities in academic performance. Applying multilevel structural equation modeling with two-wave original survey data from 843 students, their parents, as well as students\u2019 end-term school grades, we show that a family\u2019s socio-economic status indirectly affects children\u2019s school grades as lower parental income leads children to use the Internet more frequently for entertainment and online communication purposes. This form of Internet use also increases as children have more personal digital media devices. As children\u2019s increased use of the Internet for entertainment and online communication worsens their academic performance, our results suggest that social inequalities due to children\u2019s socio-economic status are reinforced by a second-order digital divide. We discuss potential reasons for our findings as well as their implications and recommendations for possible interventions. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444817725918","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,23]],"date-time":"2017-08-23T05:50:45Z","timestamp":1503467445000},"page":"2489-2508","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["The social inequalities of Internet access, its use, and the impact on children\u2019s academic performance: Evidence from a longitudinal study in Switzerland"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Anne-Linda","family":"Camerini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Peter J","family":"Schulz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e0 della Svizzera italiana, Switzerland"}]},{"given":"Anne-Marie","family":"Jeannet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bocconi University, Italy"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1461444817725918","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2673277"},{"key":"bibr2-1461444817725918","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1499-4046(06)60138-3"},{"key":"bibr3-1461444817725918","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0267323102017001607"},{"key":"bibr4-1461444817725918","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.159.7.607"},{"key":"bibr5-1461444817725918","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14759390500200192"},{"key":"bibr6-1461444817725918","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2010.02.006"},{"key":"bibr7-1461444817725918","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/340552a0"},{"key":"bibr8-1461444817725918","unstructured":"Carlson S (2005) The net generation goes to college. The Chronicle of Higher Education, 7 October. Available at: http:\/\/chronicle.com\/article\/The-Net-Generation-Goes-to\/12307 (accessed 24 July 2014)."},{"key":"bibr9-1461444817725918","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dr.2014.12.005"},{"key":"bibr10-1461444817725918","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03054985.2012.731207"},{"key":"bibr11-1461444817725918","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199255771.001.0001"},{"key":"bibr12-1461444817725918","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2015.07.047"},{"key":"bibr13-1461444817725918","volume-title":"Paper presented at the annual conference of the international communication association","author":"Cingel D","year":"2015"},{"key":"bibr14-1461444817725918","unstructured":"DECS (2004) Piano di formazione della scuola media (Dipartimento dell\u2019educazione, della cultura e dello sport). Available at: http:\/\/www.supsi.ch\/dfa\/dms\/dfa\/docs\/dipartimento\/20110203_Piano_di_formazione_SM.pdf (accessed 25 April 2016)."},{"key":"bibr15-1461444817725918","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15453\/0191-5096.2985"},{"key":"bibr16-1461444817725918","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.99.2.349"},{"key":"bibr17-1461444817725918","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2006.01.008"},{"key":"bibr18-1461444817725918","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13676260120101905"},{"key":"bibr19-1461444817725918","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fairlie RW, Robinson J (2013) Experimental evidence on the effects of home computers on academic achievement among schoolchildren. National Poverty Center working paper series no. 13-02. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan. Available at: http:\/\/eric.ed.gov\/?id=ED539512 (accessed 27 April 2017).","DOI":"10.3386\/w19060"},{"key":"bibr20-1461444817725918","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0030042"},{"key":"bibr21-1461444817725918","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1741-3729.2012.00709.x"},{"key":"bibr22-1461444817725918","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2014.146"},{"key":"bibr23-1461444817725918","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-9536(94)00316-L"},{"key":"bibr24-1461444817725918","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1540-4560.00249"},{"key":"bibr25-1461444817725918","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hargittai E (2002) Second-level digital divide: differences in people\u2019s online skills. First Monday 7(4). Available at: http:\/\/firstmonday.org\/ojs\/index.php\/fm\/article\/view\/942 (accessed 2 July 2014).","DOI":"10.5210\/fm.v7i4.942"},{"key":"bibr26-1461444817725918","unstructured":"Holloway D, Green L, Livingstone S (2013) Zero to Eight: Young Children and their Internet Use. London: EU Kids Online, LSE. Available at: http:\/\/eprints.lse.ac.uk\/52630\/1\/Zero_to_eight.pdf (accessed 5 December 2016)."},{"key":"bibr27-1461444817725918","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/8519.001.0001"},{"key":"bibr28-1461444817725918","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.42.3.429"},{"key":"bibr29-1461444817725918","first-page":"188","volume-title":"The Handbook of Children, Media and Development","author":"Kirkorian HL","year":"2010"},{"key":"bibr30-1461444817725918","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/foc.0.0002"},{"key":"bibr31-1461444817725918","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2010.03.024"},{"key":"bibr32-1461444817725918","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08886504.2000.10782309"},{"key":"bibr33-1461444817725918","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444812452412"},{"key":"bibr34-1461444817725918","volume-title":"Inequality at the Starting Gate: Social Background Differences in Achievement as Children Begin School","author":"Lee VE","year":"2002"},{"key":"bibr35-1461444817725918","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444803005002001"},{"key":"bibr36-1461444817725918","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444807080335"},{"key":"bibr37-1461444817725918","unstructured":"Livingstone S, Bober M, Helsper E (2005) Inequalities and the digital divide in children and young people\u2019s Internet use: findings from the UK children go online project. Available at: http:\/\/eprints.lse.ac.uk\/398 (accessed 3 August 2017)."},{"key":"bibr38-1461444817725918","unstructured":"Livingstone S, Mascheroni G, Dreier M, et al. (2015) How parents of young children manage digital devices at home: the role of income, education and parental style. Available at: http:\/\/core.ac.uk\/download\/pdf\/9694458.pdf (accessed 27 April 2017)."},{"key":"bibr39-1461444817725918","volume-title":"Closing the Digital Divide: Latinos and Technology Adoption","author":"Lopez MH","year":"2013"},{"key":"bibr40-1461444817725918","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1754.2010.01817.x"},{"key":"bibr41-1461444817725918","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjr008"},{"key":"bibr42-1461444817725918","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444814567986"},{"key":"bibr43-1461444817725918","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1348\/026151009X475307"},{"key":"bibr44-1461444817725918","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139164887"},{"key":"bibr45-1461444817725918","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444814552379"},{"key":"bibr46-1461444817725918","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/esr\/jcn071"},{"key":"bibr47-1461444817725918","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0038040712456556"},{"key":"bibr48-1461444817725918","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcom.12045"},{"key":"bibr49-1461444817725918","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.poetic.2006.05.005"},{"key":"bibr50-1461444817725918","volume-title":"Evaluationsbericht Zum Projekt \u201eLernen Und Digitale Medien\u201d (Notebookklassen) Am Kaufm\u00e4nnischen Bildungszentrum Zug","author":"Prasse D","year":"2016"},{"key":"bibr51-1461444817725918","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203069769"},{"key":"bibr52-1461444817725918","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2014.04.036"},{"key":"bibr53-1461444817725918","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-9287(92)80021-3"},{"key":"bibr54-1461444817725918","volume-title":"Generation M2: Media in the Lives of 8-to-18-Year Olds","author":"Rideout VJ","year":"2010"},{"key":"bibr55-1461444817725918","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17705\/1jais.00074"},{"key":"bibr56-1461444817725918","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1054-139X(00)00128-2"},{"key":"bibr57-1461444817725918","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/foc.0.0000"},{"key":"bibr58-1461444817725918","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1054-139X(00)00140-3"},{"key":"bibr59-1461444817725918","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/foc.0.0006"},{"key":"bibr60-1461444817725918","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1602692"},{"key":"bibr61-1461444817725918","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3102\/00346543061004475"},{"key":"bibr62-1461444817725918","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/267786"},{"key":"bibr63-1461444817725918","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444810369245"},{"key":"bibr64-1461444817725918","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2010.08.020"},{"key":"bibr65-1461444817725918","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444813487959"},{"key":"bibr66-1461444817725918","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.poetic.2006.05.004"},{"key":"bibr67-1461444817725918","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ecin.12089"},{"key":"bibr68-1461444817725918","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-006-9151-5"},{"key":"bibr69-1461444817725918","unstructured":"Waller G, Willemse I, Genner S, et al. (2016) JAMES: Jugend, Aktivit\u00e4ten, Medien\u2014Erhebung Schweiz. Available at: https:\/\/www.zhaw.ch\/storage\/psychologie\/upload\/forschung\/medienpsychologie\/james\/2016\/Ergebnisbericht_JAMES_2016.pdf (accessed 5 December 2016)."},{"key":"bibr70-1461444817725918","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/6699.001.0001"},{"key":"bibr71-1461444817725918","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03634523.2012.672755"},{"key":"bibr72-1461444817725918","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-137-07026-5"},{"key":"bibr73-1461444817725918","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2007.03.001"},{"key":"bibr74-1461444817725918","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Woessmann L, Fuchs T (2004) Computers and student learning: bivariate and multivariate evidence on the availability and use of computers at home and at school. SSRN working paper no. ID 619101. Rochester, NY: Social Science Research Network. Available at: https:\/\/papers.ssrn.com\/abstract=619101 (accessed 27 April 2017).","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.619101"},{"key":"bibr75-1461444817725918","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15389286ajde1903_3"}],"container-title":["New Media &amp; Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1461444817725918","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/1461444817725918","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1461444817725918","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,2]],"date-time":"2025-03-02T20:42:33Z","timestamp":1740948153000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/1461444817725918"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,22]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/1461444817725918"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1461444817725918","relation":{},"ISSN":["1461-4448","1461-7315"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1461-4448","type":"print"},{"value":"1461-7315","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,22]]}}}