{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T16:02:47Z","timestamp":1776182567813,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,19]],"date-time":"2019-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1550534400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":365,"URL":"http:\/\/www.sagepub.com\/licence-information-for-chorus"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Award # DRL-0940143"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Award # DRL-0940143"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["New Media &amp; Society"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Social media and its embedded user commentary are playing increasingly influential roles in the news process. However, researchers\u2019 understanding of the social media commenting environment remains limited, despite rising concerns over uncivil comments. Accordingly, this study used a supervised machine learning\u2013based method of content analysis to examine the extent and patterns of incivility in the comment sections of 42 US news outlets\u2019 Facebook pages over an 18-month period in 2015\u20132016. These outlets were selected as being broadly representative of national, local, conservative, and liberal-news media. The findings provide the first empirical evidence that both the level and the targets of incivility in the comments posted on news outlets\u2019 Facebook pages vary greatly according to such entities\u2019 general type and ideological stance. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444818757205","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,20]],"date-time":"2018-02-20T05:38:37Z","timestamp":1519105117000},"page":"3678-3699","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":111,"title":["Uncivil and personal? Comparing patterns of incivility in comments on the Facebook pages of news outlets"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Leona Yi-Fan","family":"Su","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Utah, USA"},{"name":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison, USA"}]},{"given":"Michael A","family":"Xenos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison, USA"}]},{"given":"Kathleen M","family":"Rose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison, USA"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Wirz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison, USA"}]},{"given":"Dietram A","family":"Scheufele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison, USA"}]},{"given":"Dominique","family":"Brossard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison, USA"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1461444818757205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcc4.12009"},{"key":"bibr2-1461444818757205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/259136"},{"key":"bibr3-1461444818757205","volume-title":"Going Negative: How Political Advertisements Shrink & Polarize the Electorate","author":"Ansolabehere S","year":"1995"},{"key":"bibr4-1461444818757205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10584600802426965"},{"key":"bibr5-1461444818757205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10584600600629802"},{"key":"bibr6-1461444818757205","volume-title":"Gatewatching: Collaborative Online News Production","author":"Bruns A","year":"2005"},{"key":"bibr7-1461444818757205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17512786.2012.740172"},{"key":"bibr8-1461444818757205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444813480466"},{"key":"bibr9-1461444818757205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcom.12104"},{"key":"bibr10-1461444818757205","first-page":"2697","volume":"7","author":"Dori-Hacohen G","year":"2013","journal-title":"International Journal of Communication"},{"key":"bibr11-1461444818757205","author":"Ellis J","year":"2015","journal-title":"What Happened after 7 News Sites Got Rid of Reader Comments"},{"key":"bibr12-1461444818757205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.38.6.889"},{"key":"bibr13-1461444818757205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10584609.2013.852640"},{"key":"bibr14-1461444818757205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11211-007-0034-z"},{"key":"bibr15-1461444818757205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/0011526042365555"},{"key":"bibr16-1461444818757205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/107769900508200412"},{"key":"bibr17-1461444818757205","volume-title":"Rude Democracy: Civility and Incivility in American Politics","author":"Herbst S","year":"2010"},{"key":"bibr18-1461444818757205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15205430903359719"},{"key":"bibr19-1461444818757205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-5907.2009.00428.x"},{"key":"bibr20-1461444818757205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1940161213497595"},{"key":"bibr21-1461444818757205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-2466.2008.01402.x"},{"key":"bibr22-1461444818757205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1369118X.2015.1064461"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr23-1461444818757205","first-page":"55","volume":"13","author":"Jamal AA","year":"2015","journal-title":"American Political Science Association"},{"key":"bibr24-1461444818757205","first-page":"21","volume-title":"A Republic Divided: The Annenberg Democracy Project","author":"Jamieson KH","year":"2007"},{"key":"bibr25-1461444818757205","volume-title":"Moral Politics: How Liberals and Conservatives Think","author":"Lakoff G","year":"1996"},{"key":"bibr26-1461444818757205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ajps.12008"},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr27-1461444818757205","first-page":"375","volume":"54","author":"Massaro TM","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arizona Law Review"},{"key":"bibr28-1461444818757205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444811412712"},{"key":"bibr29-1461444818757205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21670811.2016.1152160"},{"key":"bibr30-1461444818757205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0003055405051452"},{"key":"bibr31-1461444818757205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1083-6101.2005.tb00252.x"},{"key":"bibr32-1461444818757205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444804041444"},{"key":"bibr33-1461444818757205","volume-title":"Twitter and the Campaign","author":"Pew Research Center","year":"2011"},{"key":"bibr34-1461444818757205","volume-title":"Cain\u2019s Bad Stretch\u2014A Campaign Coverage Update: How Elite Media and Press Overall Compare","author":"Pew Research Center","year":"2011"},{"key":"bibr35-1461444818757205","volume-title":"72% of Americans Follow Local News Closely","author":"Pew Research Center","year":"2012"},{"key":"bibr36-1461444818757205","volume-title":"Online Harrassment","author":"Pew Research Center","year":"2014"},{"key":"bibr37-1461444818757205","volume-title":"Political Polarization & Media Habits","author":"Pew Research Center","year":"2014"},{"key":"bibr38-1461444818757205","volume-title":"Newspapers: Top 25 U.S. Daily Newspapers with Digital Editions","author":"Pew Research Center","year":"2014"},{"key":"bibr39-1461444818757205","volume-title":"Newspapers: Top 25 U.S. Sunday Newspapers with Digital Editions","author":"Pew Research Center","year":"2014"},{"key":"bibr40-1461444818757205","volume-title":"The Evolving Role of News on Twitter and Facebook","author":"Pew Research Center","year":"2015"},{"key":"bibr41-1461444818757205","volume-title":"Methodology: As Greeks Head to the Polls, the Twitter Conversation Differs by Language","author":"Pew Research Center","year":"2015"},{"key":"bibr42-1461444818757205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781444340747.ch6"},{"key":"bibr43-1461444818757205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1369118X.2014.940365"},{"key":"bibr44-1461444818757205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17512786.2013.813194"},{"key":"bibr45-1461444818757205","volume-title":"Paper presented at the Midwest Association for Public Opinion Research Chicago","author":"Schwartz ML","year":"2011"},{"key":"bibr46-1461444818757205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10584609.2010.542360"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr47-1461444818757205","volume":"3","author":"Stromer-Galley J.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Public Deliberation"},{"key":"bibr48-1461444818757205","unstructured":"Stroud NJ, Duyn EV, Peacock C (2016) News commenters and news comment readers. Available at: https:\/\/mediaengagement.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/ENP-News-Commenters-and-Comment-Readers1.pdf"},{"key":"bibr49-1461444818757205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1369118X.2016.1182197"},{"key":"bibr50-1461444818757205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1075547017734226"},{"key":"bibr51-1461444818757205","first-page":"138","volume-title":"Controversies in Digital Ethics","author":"Tilton S","year":"2016"},{"key":"bibr52-1461444818757205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167208318067"},{"key":"bibr53-1461444818757205","first-page":"529","volume-title":"Handbook of Interpersonal Communication","author":"Walther JB","year":"2002","edition":"3"},{"key":"bibr54-1461444818757205","unstructured":"WAN-IFRA (2013) Online comment moderation: Emerging best practices. Available at: https:\/\/www.wan-ifra.org\/sites\/default\/files\/field_article_file\/AFPF_ENG_online_excerpts_final.pdf"},{"key":"bibr55-1461444818757205","volume-title":"The American Journalist in the 21st Century: U.S. News People at the Dawn of a New Millennium","author":"Weaver DH","year":"2007"},{"key":"bibr56-1461444818757205","unstructured":"Weber Shandwick, KRC Research and Powell Tate (2013) Civility in America: executive summary. Available at: https:\/\/www.webershandwick.com\/uploads\/news\/files\/Civility-in-Business-Exec-Summary.pdf"},{"key":"bibr57-1461444818757205","unstructured":"Weber Shandwick, Powell Tate and KRC Research (2017) Civility in America VII: the state of incivility. Available at: https:\/\/www.webershandwick.com\/uploads\/news\/files\/Civility_in_America_the_State_of_Civility.pdf"},{"key":"bibr58-1461444818757205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1931243113507926"}],"container-title":["New Media &amp; Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1461444818757205","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/1461444818757205","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1461444818757205","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1461444818757205","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]],"date-time":"2025-03-01T03:40:31Z","timestamp":1740800431000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/1461444818757205"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,19]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/1461444818757205"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1461444818757205","relation":{},"ISSN":["1461-4448","1461-7315"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1461-4448","type":"print"},{"value":"1461-7315","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,19]]}}}