{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]],"date-time":"2025-11-20T12:40:33Z","timestamp":1763642433741,"version":"3.38.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,5]],"date-time":"2018-06-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1528156800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014317","name":"Urban Communication Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["James W. Carey Urban Communication Grant"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["James W. Carey Urban Communication Grant"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014317","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["New Media &amp; Society"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> The design and deployment of urban broadband infrastructures inscribe particular imaginations of Internet access onto city streets. The different manifestations and locations of these networks, their uses, and access points often expose material excesses of urban broadband networks, as well as failures of Internet service providers, urban planners, and public officials to imagine the diverse ways that people incorporate Internet connection into their everyday lives. We approach the study of urban broadband networks through the juxtaposition of invisible networks that are buried under the streets and have always been \u201cturned off\u201d (dark fiber) versus hypervisible that are \u201cturned on\u201d and prominently displayed on city streets (LinkNYC). In our analysis of these two case studies, we critique themes of visibility and invisibility as indexes of power and access. Our findings are meant to provide a critical analysis of urban technology policy as well as theories of infrastructure, visibility, and access. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444818779593","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,6]],"date-time":"2018-06-06T05:53:48Z","timestamp":1528264428000},"page":"4634-4652","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Lit up and left dark: Failures of imagination in urban broadband networks"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Germaine R","family":"Halegoua","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Kansas, USA"}]},{"given":"Jessa","family":"Lingel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pennsylvania, USA"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,5]]},"reference":[{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"bibr1-1461444818779593","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tele.2017.04.007"},{"key":"bibr2-1461444818779593","first-page":"76","volume":"200","author":"Allen TB","year":"2001","journal-title":"National Geographic"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"bibr3-1461444818779593","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444816676645"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"bibr4-1461444818779593","DOI":"10.5860\/crl_55_04_309"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"bibr5-1461444818779593","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/6352.001.0001"},{"key":"bibr6-1461444818779593","first-page":"97","volume-title":"International Handbook of Internet Research: Springer Science & Business Media","author":"Bowker GC","year":"2010"},{"unstructured":"Bratton BH (2014) The black stack. E-Flux 53. Available at: http:\/\/www.e-flux.com\/journal\/53\/59883\/the-black-stack\/","key":"bibr7-1461444818779593"},{"unstructured":"Buckley S (2017) Roanoke Valley broadband authority extends dark fiber to Virginia\u2019s RAMP program. Fiercetelecom. Available at: https:\/\/www.fiercetelecom.com\/telecom\/roanoke-valley-broadband-authority-extends-dark-fiber-to-virginia-s-ramp-program","key":"bibr8-1461444818779593"},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr9-1461444818779593","first-page":"116","volume":"1","author":"Bure C","year":"2005","journal-title":"The Journal of Community Informatics"},{"unstructured":"Burrington I (2015) Finding dark fiber in a desert ghost town. The Atlantic. Available at: https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/technology\/archive\/2015\/11\/dark-fiber-in-ghost-towns\/417975\/ (accessed 11 March 2018).","key":"bibr10-1461444818779593"},{"unstructured":"Carino C (2016) Lighting dark fiber. Wavelengths. Available at: http:\/\/www.wavelengthsmagazine.com\/issue24\/lighting-dark-fiber.html (accessed 11 March 2018).","key":"bibr11-1461444818779593"},{"volume-title":"Dot.con: How America Lost Its Mind and Money in the Internet Era","year":"2002","author":"Cassidy J","key":"bibr12-1461444818779593"},{"unstructured":"Centennial City Council (2016) City of centennial fiber master plan (No.Version 1.0). Centen-nial. Available at: https:\/\/www.centennialco.gov\/uploads\/files\/Fiber\/1_%20City%20of%20Centennial%2Fiber%20Master%20Plan%20as%20Adopted%20-%20Copy.pdf (accessed 11 March 2018).","key":"bibr13-1461444818779593"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"bibr14-1461444818779593","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/9780262015424.001.0001"},{"unstructured":"Crawford S (2016) You didn\u2019t notice it, but Google Fiber just began the golden age of high-speed internet access. Backchannel. Available at: http:\/\/bit.ly\/2kNp4Kw (accessed 11 March 2018).","key":"bibr15-1461444818779593"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"bibr16-1461444818779593","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/9740.001.0001"},{"volume-title":"Automating Inequality: How High-tech Tools Profile, Police and Punish the Poor","year":"2018","author":"Eubanks V","key":"bibr17-1461444818779593"},{"key":"bibr18-1461444818779593","first-page":"45","volume-title":"The Routledge Handbook of Mobilities","author":"Farman J","year":"2013"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"bibr19-1461444818779593","DOI":"10.1109\/MAHC.2015.16"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"bibr20-1461444818779593","DOI":"10.1080\/1369118X.2015.1050438"},{"unstructured":"Graham G (2014) Too-smart cities? Why these visions of utopia need an urgent reality check. The Guardian 13 March. Available at: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/cities\/2014\/mar\/13\/too-smart-cities-visions-utopia-reality-check","key":"bibr21-1461444818779593"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"bibr22-1461444818779593","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203894484"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"bibr23-1461444818779593","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infoecopol.2006.05.001"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"bibr24-1461444818779593","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0017-4815.2004.00243.x"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hauge JA, Prieger JE (2010) Demand-side programs to stimulate adoption of broadband: what works? Review of Network Economics 9. Available at: https:\/\/digitalcommons.pepperdine.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1005&context=sppworkingpapers","key":"bibr25-1461444818779593","DOI":"10.2202\/1446-9022.1234"},{"volume-title":"Being and Time","year":"1962","author":"Heidegger M","key":"bibr26-1461444818779593"},{"key":"bibr27-1461444818779593","first-page":"71","volume-title":"Signal Traffic: Critical Studies of Media Infrastructures","author":"Holt J","year":"2015"},{"volume-title":"Pax Technica: How the Internet of Things May Set Us Free or Lock Us Up","year":"2015","author":"Howard PN","key":"bibr28-1461444818779593"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"bibr29-1461444818779593","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/9780262029513.001.0001"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jackson SJ, Edwards PN, Bowker GC, et al. (2007) Understanding infrastructure: history, heuristics and cyberinfrastructure policy. First Monday 12(6). Available at: https:\/\/journals.uic.edu\/ojs\/index.php\/fm\/article\/view\/1904\/1786","key":"bibr30-1461444818779593","DOI":"10.5210\/fm.v12i6.1904"},{"unstructured":"Kirby J (2016) City is turning off web browsing on its Wi-Fi kiosks after complaints over squatters and porn watchers. New York Magazine. Available at: http:\/\/nymag.com\/daily\/intelligencer\/2016\/09\/complaints-force-linknyc-to-turn-off-web-browsing.html","key":"bibr31-1461444818779593"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"bibr32-1461444818779593","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/9780262042482.001.0001"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"bibr33-1461444818779593","DOI":"10.1177\/0163443710393382"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"bibr34-1461444818779593","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-anthro-092412-155522"},{"unstructured":"McGeehan P (2016) Free Wi-Fi kiosks were to aid New Yorkers: an unsavory side has spurred a retreat. The New York Times. Available at: https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2016\/09\/15\/nyregion\/internet-browsers-to-be-disabled-on-new-yorks-free-wi-fi-kiosks.html?smprod=nytcore-iphone&smid=nytcore-iphone-share&_r=0","key":"bibr35-1461444818779593"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"bibr36-1461444818779593","DOI":"10.1177\/1206331205277464"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"bibr37-1461444818779593","DOI":"10.5749\/9781452958491"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mattern S (2017) A city is not a computer. Places Journal, February. Available at: https:\/\/placesjournal.org\/article\/a-city-is-not-a-computer\/","key":"bibr38-1461444818779593","DOI":"10.22269\/170207"},{"unstructured":"Nieves E (2013) Public libraries: the new homeless shelter. Salon. Available at: https:\/\/www.salon.com\/2013\/03\/07\/public_libraries_the_new_homeless_shelters_partner\/","key":"bibr39-1461444818779593"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Odlyzko A (2010) Bubbles, gullibility, and other challenges for economics, psychology, sociology, and information sciences. First Monday 15. Available at: https:\/\/journals.uic.edu\/ojs\/index.php\/fm\/article\/view\/3142","key":"bibr40-1461444818779593","DOI":"10.5210\/fm.v15i9.3142"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"bibr41-1461444818779593","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/10453.001.0001"},{"volume-title":"The Filter Bubble: What the Internet Is Hiding from You","year":"2011","author":"Pariser E","key":"bibr42-1461444818779593"},{"unstructured":"Parks L (2010) Around the Antenna tree: the politics of infrastructural visibility. Flow. Available at: http:\/\/flowtv.org\/2010\/03\/flow-favorites-around-the-antenna-tree-the-politics-of-infrastructural-visibilitylisa-parks-uc-santa-barbara\/","key":"bibr43-1461444818779593"},{"volume-title":"Between Humanities and the Digital","year":"2015","author":"Parks L","key":"bibr44-1461444818779593"},{"unstructured":"Pletz J (2012) How Chicago became one of the nation\u2019s most digital cities. Crains Chicago Business. Available at: http:\/\/www.chicagobusiness.com\/article\/20120915\/ISSUE01\/309159977\/how-chicago-became-one-of-the-nations-most-digital-cities (accessed 22 March 2018).","key":"bibr45-1461444818779593"},{"volume-title":"Presented at the Urban Age Electric City Conference","year":"2012","author":"Sassen S","key":"bibr46-1461444818779593"},{"volume-title":"Design, control, predict: cultural politics in the actually existing smart city","year":"2018","author":"Shapiro A","key":"bibr47-1461444818779593"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"bibr48-1461444818779593","DOI":"10.58704\/xv4f-pw32"},{"unstructured":"Silbey M (2015) Who\u2019s feeding fiber to LinkNYC hotspots? Light Reading Network Communication Industry. Available at: https:\/\/www.lightreading.com\/gigabit\/gigabit-cities\/whos-feeding-fiber-to-linknyc-hotspots\/d\/d-id\/716641 (accessed 23 March 2018).","key":"bibr49-1461444818779593"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"bibr50-1461444818779593","DOI":"10.1177\/00027649921955326"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"bibr51-1461444818779593","DOI":"10.1177\/1470412911430465"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"bibr52-1461444818779593","DOI":"10.1215\/9780822376224"},{"unstructured":"Tennessee Valley Authority (2018) Story\u2014Dawna Qualls: Senior Program Manager, Business Development + Renewables. Nashville, TN: Tennessee Valley Authority. Available at: https:\/\/www.tva.gov\/Our-TVA-Story\/Dawna-Qualls (accessed 3 January 2018).","key":"bibr53-1461444818779593"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"bibr54-1461444818779593","DOI":"10.1080\/02763877.2011.584842"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr55-1461444818779593","first-page":"33","volume":"64","author":"Warschauer M","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of International Affairs"},{"unstructured":"Whelan G (2017) Dark fiber versus lit fiber. Broadband Communities Magazine 88\u201391. Available at: http:\/\/www.bbcmag.com\/2017mags\/Nov_Dec\/BBC_Nov17_DarkFiber.pdf","key":"bibr56-1461444818779593"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr57-1461444818779593","first-page":"121","volume":"109","author":"Winner L","year":"1980","journal-title":"Daedalus"},{"unstructured":"Zayo Group (n.d.) Zayo global network\u2014interactive map. Available at: http:\/\/www.zayo.com\/solutions\/global-network\/ (accessed 19 May 2016)","key":"bibr58-1461444818779593"}],"container-title":["New Media &amp; Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1461444818779593","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/1461444818779593","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1461444818779593","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]],"date-time":"2025-02-28T13:53:02Z","timestamp":1740750782000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/1461444818779593"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,5]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/1461444818779593"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1461444818779593","relation":{},"ISSN":["1461-4448","1461-7315"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1461-4448"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1461-7315"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,5]]}}}