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However, scholars of the second-level digital divide have concluded that the divides in Internet skills and type of use continue to expand even after physical access is universal. This study\u2014based on an online survey among a representative sample of the Dutch population\u2014indicates that the first-level digital divide remains a problem in one of the richest and most technologically advanced countries in the world. By extending basic physical access combined with material access, the study finds that a diversity in access to devices and peripherals, device-related opportunities, and the ongoing expenses required to maintain the hardware, software, and subscriptions affect existing inequalities related to Internet skills, uses, and outcomes. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444818797082","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,7]],"date-time":"2018-09-07T13:38:49Z","timestamp":1536327529000},"page":"354-375","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":772,"title":["The first-level digital divide shifts from inequalities in physical access to inequalities in material access"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Alexander JAM","family":"van Deursen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Twente, The Netherlands"}]},{"given":"Jan AGM","family":"van Dijk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Twente, The Netherlands"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1461444818797082","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01972240802356067"},{"key":"bibr2-1461444818797082","unstructured":"Baker C (2013) A connection for all ages: enabling the benefits of high-speed Internet access for older adults. 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