{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T23:21:56Z","timestamp":1777936916740,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,24]],"date-time":"2018-12-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1545609600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["New Media &amp; Society"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Digital calendars are logistical media, part of the infrastructure that configures arrangements among people and things. Calendars increasingly play a fundamental role in establishing our everyday rhythms, shaping our consciousness of temporality. Drawing on interviews with Silicon Valley calendar designers, this article explores how the conceptualization and production of scheduling applications codify contemporary ideals about efficient time management. I argue that these ideals reflect the driving cultural imperative for accelerated time handling in order to optimize productivity and minimize time wasting. Such mechanistic approaches treat time as a quantitative, individualistic resource, obscuring the politics of time embedded in what can and cannot be graphically represented on the grid interface. I conclude that electronic calendars are emblematic of a long-standing but mistaken belief, hegemonic in Silicon Valley, that automation will deliver us more time.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444818820073","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,25]],"date-time":"2018-12-25T02:24:52Z","timestamp":1545704692000},"page":"1272-1289","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":74,"title":["How Silicon Valley sets time"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Judy","family":"Wajcman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The London School of Economics and Political Science, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1461444818820073","volume-title":"Time","author":"Adam B","year":"2004"},{"key":"bibr2-1461444818820073","volume-title":"The New Spirit of Capitalism","author":"Boltanski L","year":"2007"},{"key":"bibr3-1461444818820073","volume-title":"Brotopia: Breaking Up the Boys\u2019 Club of Silicon Valley","author":"Chang E","year":"2018"},{"key":"bibr4-1461444818820073","volume-title":"The Mediated Construction of Reality","author":"Couldry N","year":"2017"},{"key":"bibr5-1461444818820073","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/146144804047514"},{"key":"bibr6-1461444818820073","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9781503602991"},{"key":"bibr7-1461444818820073","first-page":"5213","volume":"10","author":"Fornas J","year":"2016","journal-title":"International Journal of Communication"},{"key":"bibr8-1461444818820073","author":"Friedman V","year":"2018","journal-title":"The New York Times"},{"key":"bibr9-1461444818820073","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0961463X13502117"},{"key":"bibr10-1461444818820073","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/9780262062749.001.0001"},{"key":"bibr11-1461444818820073","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444809342738"},{"key":"bibr12-1461444818820073","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1215\/9781478002390"},{"key":"bibr13-1461444818820073","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/175222.175230"},{"key":"bibr14-1461444818820073","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444814544001"},{"key":"bibr15-1461444818820073","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/9781137020680"},{"key":"bibr16-1461444818820073","unstructured":"Kenney M (2017) Explaining the Growth and Globalization of Silicon Valley: The Past and Today. The Berkeley Roundtable on the International Economy. Available at: http:\/\/www.brie.berkeley.edu\/wpcontent\/uploads\/2015\/01\/BRIE-Working-paper-2017\u20131.pdf"},{"key":"bibr17-1461444818820073","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/9780262042482.001.0001"},{"key":"bibr18-1461444818820073","volume-title":"Economies of Signs and Space","author":"Lash S","year":"1994"},{"key":"bibr19-1461444818820073","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444809349159"},{"key":"bibr20-1461444818820073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1145\/1978942.1979077","volume-title":"Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on human factors in computing systems","author":"Leshed G","year":"2011"},{"key":"bibr21-1461444818820073","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444816675438"},{"key":"bibr22-1461444818820073","volume-title":"The Quantified Self","author":"Lupton D","year":"2016"},{"key":"bibr23-1461444818820073","volume-title":"The Social Shaping of Technology","author":"MacKenzie D","year":"1985"},{"key":"bibr24-1461444818820073","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5040\/9781472544988"},{"key":"bibr25-1461444818820073","volume-title":"Machines of Loving Grace","author":"Markoff J","year":"2015"},{"key":"bibr26-1461444818820073","volume-title":"Digital Sociology","author":"Marres N","year":"2017"},{"key":"bibr27-1461444818820073","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2675133.2675231"},{"key":"bibr28-1461444818820073","volume-title":"Technics and Civilization","author":"Mumford L","year":"1934"},{"key":"bibr29-1461444818820073","volume-title":"America\u2019s Advanced Industries: What They Are, Where They Are, and Why They Matter","author":"Muro M","year":"2015"},{"key":"bibr30-1461444818820073","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/10421.001.0001"},{"key":"bibr31-1461444818820073","volume-title":"Time: The Modern and Postmodern Experience","author":"Nowotny H","year":"2005"},{"key":"bibr32-1461444818820073","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/143457.143549"},{"key":"bibr33-1461444818820073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1145\/302979.302982","volume-title":"Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on human factors in computing systems","author":"Palen L","year":"1999"},{"key":"bibr34-1461444818820073","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5406\/illinois\/9780252039362.001.0001"},{"key":"bibr35-1461444818820073","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0163443717752814"},{"key":"bibr36-1461444818820073","volume-title":"The Marvelous Clouds: Toward a Philosophy of Elemental Media","author":"Peters JD","year":"2016"},{"key":"bibr37-1461444818820073","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444816661553"},{"key":"bibr38-1461444818820073","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/8718.001.0001"},{"key":"bibr39-1461444818820073","volume-title":"Inventing Our Selves: Psychology, Power and Personhood","author":"Rose N","year":"1998"},{"key":"bibr40-1461444818820073","volume-title":"Dreaming in Code","author":"Rosenberg S","year":"2007"},{"key":"bibr41-1461444818820073","volume-title":"Regional Advantage: Culture and Competition in Silicon Valley and Route 128","author":"Saxenian A","year":"1994"},{"key":"bibr42-1461444818820073","volume-title":"The Railway Journey: The Industrialization and Perception of Time and Space","author":"Schivelbusch W","year":"1987"},{"key":"bibr43-1461444818820073","volume-title":"How Google Works.","author":"Schmidt E","year":"2014"},{"key":"bibr44-1461444818820073","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9780822378334"},{"key":"bibr45-1461444818820073","first-page":"131","volume-title":"The Sociology of Speed: Digital, Organizational, and Social Temporalities","author":"Sharma S","year":"2017"},{"key":"bibr46-1461444818820073","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008651105359"},{"key":"bibr47-1461444818820073","volume-title":"The Launch Pad: Inside Y Combinator, Silicon Valley\u2019s Most Exclusive School for Startups","author":"Stross R","year":"2012"},{"key":"bibr48-1461444818820073","volume-title":"Plans and Situated Actions: The Problem of Human-machine Communication","author":"Suchman L","year":"1987"},{"key":"bibr49-1461444818820073","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/past\/38.1.56"},{"key":"bibr50-1461444818820073","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0042098966754"},{"key":"bibr51-1461444818820073","volume-title":"The Second Self: Computers and the Human Spirit","author":"Turkle S","year":"1984"},{"key":"bibr52-1461444818820073","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7208\/chicago\/9780226817439.001.0001"},{"key":"bibr53-1461444818820073","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/9781137473608"},{"key":"bibr54-1461444818820073","volume-title":"Pressed for Time: The Acceleration of Life in Digital Capitalism","author":"Wajcman J","year":"2015"},{"key":"bibr55-1461444818820073","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0162243918795041"},{"key":"bibr56-1461444818820073","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0263276414537318"},{"key":"bibr57-1461444818820073","volume-title":"Understanding Computers and Cognition","author":"Winograd T","year":"1986"},{"key":"bibr58-1461444818820073","volume-title":"Hidden Rhythms: Schedules and Calendars in Social Life","author":"Zerubavel E","year":"1985"}],"container-title":["New Media &amp; Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1461444818820073","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/1461444818820073","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1461444818820073","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T03:47:50Z","timestamp":1777693670000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/1461444818820073"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,24]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/1461444818820073"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1461444818820073","relation":{},"ISSN":["1461-4448","1461-7315"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1461-4448","type":"print"},{"value":"1461-7315","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,24]]}}}