{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T23:22:52Z","timestamp":1777936972040,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,14]],"date-time":"2019-03-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1552521600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["New Media &amp; Society"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Given that today 60% of Internet traffic is generated by bots, \u2018CAPTCHA\u2019 (Completely Automated Public Turing Test to tell Computers and Humans Apart) tests that are supposedly impossible to be done by robots have been introduced. What are the cognitive and emotional effects of these tests on Internet users? Does this request to demonstrate they are not a robot affect users\u2019 identity as human beings? To answer these questions, we selected two groups (117 and 116 respondents, respectively). An online questionnaire that differed only in the task was proposed: we asked the first group to complete some CAPTCHA tests, and the second group to complete some logic tests. In addition to other questions in both versions, we introduced the TLX scale (NASA). Preliminary results show that CAPTCHA execution is associated with feelings of alienation and that the user\u2019s self-perception of humanity is influenced by the execution of the two different types of test.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444819831971","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,14]],"date-time":"2019-03-14T06:44:17Z","timestamp":1552545857000},"page":"1859-1876","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["You need to show that you are not a robot"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9691-6870","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leopoldina","family":"Fortunati","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Udine, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna Maria","family":"Manganelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7432-5033","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filippo","family":"Cavallo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scuola Superiore Sant\u2019Anna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Furio","family":"Honsell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Udine, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1461444819831971","unstructured":"Abrich R, Berbenetz V, Thorpe M (2011) Distinguishing between humans and robots on the web. Available at: http:\/\/richardabrich.com\/abrich-berbenetz-thorpe_thecaptchaexperiment.pdf"},{"key":"bibr2-1461444819831971","volume-title":"Problems of Neurosis","author":"Adler A","year":"1929"},{"key":"bibr3-1461444819831971","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ejsp.2190"},{"key":"bibr4-1461444819831971","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01972243.2015.1020197"},{"key":"bibr5-1461444819831971","volume-title":"Storia dei media digitali.Rivoluzioni e continuit\u00e0","author":"Balbi G","year":"2017"},{"issue":"3","key":"bibr6-1461444819831971","first-page":"1","volume":"21","author":"Baldissarri C","year":"2014","journal-title":"Testing, Psychometrics, Methodology in Applied Psychology"},{"key":"bibr7-1461444819831971","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/10662241211199960"},{"key":"bibr8-1461444819831971","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-015-0283-1"},{"key":"bibr9-1461444819831971","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-3582-8_8"},{"key":"bibr10-1461444819831971","volume-title":"Intervista sull\u2019identit\u00e0","author":"Bauman Z","year":"2003"},{"key":"bibr11-1461444819831971","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brodi\u0107 D, Petrovska S, Jevti\u0107 M et al. (2016) The influence of the CAPTCHA types to its solving times. In: 39th International Convention on Information and Communication Technology, Electronics and Microelectronics (MIPRO). Available at: http:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/abstract\/document\/7522335\/","DOI":"10.1109\/MIPRO.2016.7522335"},{"key":"bibr12-1461444819831971","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/0011526042365645"},{"key":"bibr13-1461444819831971","volume-title":"Blogs, Wikipedia, Second Life, and Beyond: From Production to Produsage","author":"Bruns A","year":"2008"},{"key":"bibr14-1461444819831971","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4135\/9781446218617"},{"key":"bibr15-1461444819831971","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aan8871"},{"key":"bibr16-1461444819831971","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.75.1.109"},{"key":"bibr17-1461444819831971","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/10767.001.0001"},{"key":"bibr18-1461444819831971","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12559-014-9309-5"},{"key":"bibr19-1461444819831971","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1978942.1979325"},{"key":"bibr20-1461444819831971","volume-title":"Discovering Statistics Using SPSS","author":"Field A","year":"2009","edition":"3"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr21-1461444819831971","first-page":"116","volume":"1","author":"Fortunati L","year":"2013","journal-title":"Intervalla: Platform for Intellectual Exchange"},{"key":"bibr22-1461444819831971","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444817729366"},{"key":"bibr23-1461444819831971","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01972243.2017.1354110"},{"key":"bibr24-1461444819831971","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14792779343000004"},{"key":"bibr25-1461444819831971","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.28945\/3468"},{"key":"bibr26-1461444819831971","volume-title":"Socialbots and Their Friends: Digital Media and the Automation of Sociality","author":"Gehl RW","year":"2017"},{"key":"bibr27-1461444819831971","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-68219-8_10"},{"key":"bibr28-1461444819831971","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-4115(08)62386-9"},{"key":"bibr29-1461444819831971","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0921-8009(95)00043-7"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr30-1461444819831971","first-page":"35","volume":"1","author":"H\u00f6flich JR","year":"2013","journal-title":"Intervalla: Platform for Intellectual Exchange"},{"key":"bibr31-1461444819831971","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2017.02.105"},{"key":"bibr32-1461444819831971","volume-title":"The Great Chain of Being: A Study of the History of an Idea","author":"Lovejoy AO","year":"1936"},{"key":"bibr33-1461444819831971","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0028724"},{"key":"bibr34-1461444819831971","volume-title":"Motivation and Personality","author":"Maslow AH","year":"1954"},{"key":"bibr35-1461444819831971","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2018.03.033"},{"key":"bibr36-1461444819831971","volume-title":"The Heart of Altruism: Perception of a Common Humanity","author":"Monroe K","year":"1996"},{"key":"bibr37-1461444819831971","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01972243.2017.1289488"},{"key":"bibr38-1461444819831971","volume-title":"The Altruistic Personality: Rescuers of Jews in Nazi Europe","author":"Oliner S","year":"1988"},{"key":"bibr39-1461444819831971","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-015-0291-1"},{"key":"bibr40-1461444819831971","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-31522-0_56"},{"key":"bibr41-1461444819831971","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/casp.2450050507"},{"key":"bibr42-1461444819831971","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ejsp.2102"},{"key":"bibr43-1461444819831971","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00207594.2012.701749"},{"key":"bibr44-1461444819831971","volume-title":"Italiani.Stereotipi di casa nostra","author":"Sciolla L","year":"1997"},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr45-1461444819831971","first-page":"2242","volume":"5","author":"Singh VP","year":"2014","journal-title":"International Journal of Computer Science and Information Technologies"},{"key":"bibr46-1461444819831971","volume-title":"National Identity","author":"Smith AD","year":"1991"},{"key":"bibr47-1461444819831971","volume-title":"The Family of Man: A Photographic Exhibition Created by Edward Steichen for the Museum of Modern Art","author":"Steichen E","year":"1955"},{"key":"bibr48-1461444819831971","volume-title":"A Life in Photography","author":"Steichen E","year":"1963"},{"key":"bibr49-1461444819831971","volume-title":"Plans and Situated Actions: The Problem of Human-Machine Communication","author":"Suchman LA","year":"1987"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr50-1461444819831971","first-page":"71","volume":"1","author":"Sugiyama S","year":"2013","journal-title":"Intervalla: Platform for Intellectual Exchange"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr51-1461444819831971","first-page":"2","volume":"1","author":"Sugiyama S","year":"2013","journal-title":"Intervalla: Platform for Intellectual Exchange"},{"key":"bibr52-1461444819831971","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-15672-9_2"},{"key":"bibr53-1461444819831971","volume-title":"Handbook on Mobile Communication, Culture, and Information","author":"Taipale S"},{"key":"bibr54-1461444819831971","volume-title":"Politics for the Information Age","author":"Terranova T","year":"2004"},{"key":"bibr55-1461444819831971","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/mind\/LIX.236.433"},{"key":"bibr56-1461444819831971","volume-title":"Rediscovering the Social Group: A Self-Categorization Theory","author":"Turner JC","year":"1987"},{"key":"bibr57-1461444819831971","volume-title":"Deumanizzazione.Come si legittima la violenza","author":"Volpato C","year":"2011"},{"key":"bibr58-1461444819831971","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/009365096023001001"},{"key":"bibr59-1461444819831971","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-2427.00309"},{"key":"bibr60-1461444819831971","unstructured":"Zeifman I (2017) Bot traffic report 2016. Incapsula. Available at: https:\/\/www.incapsula.com\/blog\/bot-traffic-report-2016.html (accessed 1 February 2017)."}],"container-title":["New Media &amp; Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1461444819831971","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/1461444819831971","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1461444819831971","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T03:48:07Z","timestamp":1777693687000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/1461444819831971"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,14]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/1461444819831971"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1461444819831971","relation":{},"ISSN":["1461-4448","1461-7315"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1461-4448","type":"print"},{"value":"1461-7315","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,14]]}}}