{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T23:22:52Z","timestamp":1777936972067,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,14]],"date-time":"2019-03-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1552521600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["New Media &amp; Society"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Drawing on the century-long preoccupation with premodern or \u201cprimitive\u201d economic forms that has shaped the social sciences, this essay argues that the political economy of social networking platforms is structured like a potlatch. Understanding this structure and its dynamics is indispensable for grasping the social, economic and cultural preconditions and implications of communicative capitalism.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444819834610","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,14]],"date-time":"2019-03-14T07:13:22Z","timestamp":1552547602000},"page":"1947-1966","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The digital potlatch: The uses of uselessness in the digital economy"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3586-5632","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Kaplan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Baruch College, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_1","volume-title":"Free: How Today\u2019s Smartest Businesses Profit by Giving Something for Nothing","author":"Anderson C","year":"2010","unstructured":"Anderson C (2010) Free: How Today\u2019s Smartest Businesses Profit by Giving Something for Nothing. New York: Hyperion."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203075319"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07393180216561"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_1","volume-title":"Dragnet Nation","author":"Angwin J","year":"2014","unstructured":"Angwin J (2014) Dragnet Nation. New York: Times Books."},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_4_6_1","first-page":"343","article-title":"Gifts and exchanges","volume":"1","author":"Arrow K","year":"1972","unstructured":"Arrow K (1972) Gifts and exchanges. Philosophy & Public Affairs 1(4): 343\u2013362.","journal-title":"Philosophy & Public Affairs"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barbrook R (1998) The hi-tech gift economy. First Monday 3(12). Available at: http:\/\/journals.uic.edu\/ojs\/index.php\/fm\/article\/view\/631\/552 (accessed 20 March 2018).","DOI":"10.5210\/fm.v3i12.631"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09505439609526455"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_1","volume-title":"For a Critique of the Political Economy of the Sign","author":"Baudrillard J","year":"1981","unstructured":"Baudrillard J (1981) For a Critique of the Political Economy of the Sign. St. Louis, MI: Telos."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_1","first-page":"57","article-title":"When Bataille attacked the metaphysical principle of economy (trans. DJ Miller)","volume":"11","author":"Baudrillard J","year":"1987","unstructured":"Baudrillard J (1987) When Bataille attacked the metaphysical principle of economy (trans. DJ Miller). Canadian Journal of Political and Social Theory 11: 57\u201362.","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Political and Social Theory"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_1","volume-title":"Symbolic Exchange and Death","author":"Baudrillard J","year":"1993","unstructured":"Baudrillard J (1993) Symbolic Exchange and Death. London: SAGE."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444809336551"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_1","volume-title":"The Wealth of Networks: How Social Production Transforms Markets and Freedom","author":"Benkler Y","year":"2006","unstructured":"Benkler Y (2006) The Wealth of Networks: How Social Production Transforms Markets and Freedom. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_1","volume-title":"The Soul at Work: From Alienation to Autonomy","author":"Berardi F","year":"2009","unstructured":"Berardi F (2009) The Soul at Work: From Alienation to Autonomy. Los Angeles, CA: Semiotext(e)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2575.2001.00111.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_1","unstructured":"Bogost I (2017) Social apps are now a commodity. The Atlantic 1 December. Available at: https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/technology\/archive\/2017\/12\/old-man-yells-at-snapchat\/547229\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9781503621749"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_1","first-page":"231","volume-title":"The Logic of the Gift: Toward an Ethic of Generosity","author":"Bourdieu P","year":"1997","unstructured":"Bourdieu P (1997) Marginalia\u2013Some additional notes on the gift. In: Schrift A (ed.) The Logic of the Gift: Toward an Ethic of Generosity. New York: Routledge, pp. 231\u2013241."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_1","volume-title":"Gifts and Commodities","author":"Carrier J","year":"1995","unstructured":"Carrier J (1995) Gifts and Commodities. London: Routledge."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_1","volume-title":"Fighting with Property","author":"Codere H","year":"1950","unstructured":"Codere H (1950) Fighting with Property. New York: J. J. Augustin."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_1","volume-title":"Cornucopia Limited: Design and Dissent on the Internet","author":"Coyne R","year":"2005","unstructured":"Coyne R (2005) Cornucopia Limited: Design and Dissent on the Internet. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2752\/174321905778054845"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4135\/9781446218440"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_1","volume-title":"Choosing the Right Pond: Human Behavior and the Quest for Status","author":"Frank R","year":"1985","unstructured":"Frank R (1985) Choosing the Right Pond: Human Behavior and the Quest for Status. Oxford: Oxford University Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.64590\/nsm","article-title":"Information as gift and commodity","volume":"219","author":"Frow J","year":"1996","unstructured":"Frow J (1996) Information as gift and commodity. New Left Review 219: 89\u2013108.","journal-title":"New Left Review"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0267323108098947"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444812472322"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghosh RA (1998) Cooking-pot markets. First Monday 3. Available at: www.firstmonday.org\/issues\/issue3_3\/ghosh\/","DOI":"10.5210\/fm.v3i2.580"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_1","volume-title":"Wealth and Poverty","author":"Gilder G","year":"1981","unstructured":"Gilder G (1981) Wealth and Poverty. New York: Bantam Books."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_1","volume-title":"The Enigma of the Gift","author":"Godelier M","year":"1999","unstructured":"Godelier M (1999) The Enigma of the Gift. Cambridge: Oxford University Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2930123"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_1","volume-title":"Gifts and Commodities","author":"Gregory CA","year":"1982","unstructured":"Gregory CA (1982) Gifts and Commodities. London: Academic Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_33_1","first-page":"236","volume-title":"Molecular Revolution","author":"Guattari F","year":"1984","unstructured":"Guattari F (1984) Millions and millions of potential alices. In: Guattari F (ed.) Molecular Revolution. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, pp. 236\u2013241."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_34_1","first-page":"85","volume-title":"Popular Free Radio","author":"Guattari F","year":"1993","unstructured":"Guattari F (1993) Popular Free Radio (trans. Sweet D). Los Angeles, CA: Semiotext(e), pp. 85\u201389."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctvjsf48h"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_36_1","volume-title":"The Price of Truth: Gift, Money, Philosophy","author":"H\u00e9naff M","year":"2010","unstructured":"H\u00e9naff M (2010) The Price of Truth: Gift, Money, Philosophy. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_37_1","volume-title":"The Digital Housewife","author":"Jarrett K","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jarrett K (2015) The Digital Housewife. London: Routledge."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_38_1","unstructured":"Jenkins H Clinton K Purushotma R et al. (2006) Confronting the challenges of participatory culture: media education for the 21st century. Available at: https:\/\/www.macfound.org\/media\/article_pdfs\/JENKINS_WHITE_PAPER.PDF (accessed 17 March 2018)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14735784.2012.721625"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1527476418819002."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_41_1","volume-title":"New Rules for the New Economy: 10 Radical Strategies for a Connected World","author":"Kelly K","year":"1998","unstructured":"Kelly K (1998) New Rules for the New Economy: 10 Radical Strategies for a Connected World. New York: Penguin Books."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9655.00036"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_43_1","first-page":"132","volume-title":"Radical Thought in Italy: A Potential Politics","author":"Lazzarato M","year":"1996","unstructured":"Lazzarato M (1996) Immaterial labor. In: Virno P, Hardt M (eds) Radical Thought in Italy: A Potential Politics. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, pp. 132\u2013146."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7208\/chicago\/9780226392974.003.0004"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_45_1","volume-title":"Introduction to the Work of Marcel Mauss","author":"L\u00e9vi-Strauss C","year":"1987","unstructured":"L\u00e9vi-Strauss C (1987) Introduction to the Work of Marcel Mauss. London: Routledge."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_46_1","unstructured":"Levy S (2009) The secret of Googlenomics. Wired 22 May. Available at: https:\/\/www.wired.com\/2009\/05\/nep-googlenomics\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1215\/9780822372837"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_48_1","unstructured":"Madrigal A (2017) What Facebook did to American democracy. The Atlantic 12 October. Available at: https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/technology\/archive\/2017\/10\/what-facebook-did\/542502\/ (accessed 20 March 2018)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_49_1","unstructured":"Madrigal A (2018) Russia\u2019s troll operation was not that sophisticated. The Atlantic 19 February. Available at: https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/technology\/archive\/2018\/02\/the-russian-conspiracy-to-commit-audience-development\/553685\/ (accessed 20 March 2018)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_50_1","first-page":"1485","article-title":"Homo Regalos: a call for applied gift exchange in a time of global commodification, symbolic violence, and bloodshed","volume":"1","author":"Mallios S","year":"2005","unstructured":"Mallios S (2005) Homo Regalos: a call for applied gift exchange in a time of global commodification, symbolic violence, and bloodshed. International Journal of the Humanities 1: 1485\u20131490.","journal-title":"International Journal of the Humanities"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2307\/jj.30347790","volume-title":"The Deadly Politics of Giving","author":"Mallios S","year":"2006","unstructured":"Mallios S (2006) The Deadly Politics of Giving. Tuscaloosa, AL: The University of Alabama Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/600485"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_53_1","volume-title":"The Gift; Forms and Functions of Exchange in Archaic Societies","author":"Mauss M","year":"1966","unstructured":"Mauss M (1966) The Gift; Forms and Functions of Exchange in Archaic Societies. London: Cohen & West."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_54_1","unstructured":"Morozov E (2015) Facebook isn\u2019t a charity. The Guardian 25 April. Available at: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/commentisfree\/2015\/apr\/26\/facebook-isnt-charity-poor-pay-by-surrending-their-data"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_55_1","volume-title":"The Filter Bubble","author":"Pariser E","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pariser E (2011) The Filter Bubble. New York: Penguin Books."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_56_1","volume-title":"Infinite Distraction","author":"Pettman D","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pettman D (2016) Infinite Distraction. New York: Polity Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_57_1","volume-title":"The Most Radical Gesture","author":"Plant S","year":"1992","unstructured":"Plant S (1992) The Most Radical Gesture. London: Routledge."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_58_1","volume-title":"The Great Transformation","author":"Polanyi K","year":"1957","unstructured":"Polanyi K (1957 [1944]) The Great Transformation. New York: Beacon Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0263276415619474"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_60_1","volume-title":"Stone-Age Economics","author":"Sahlins M","year":"1972","unstructured":"Sahlins M (1972) Stone-Age Economics. Chicago: Aldine-Atheron."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_61_1","volume-title":"A Treatise on Political Economy","author":"Say J-B","year":"1821","unstructured":"Say J-B (1821) A Treatise on Political Economy. London: Longman."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/22134379-90003735"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_63_1","volume-title":"The Logic of the Gift: Toward an Ethic of Generosity","author":"Schrift A","year":"1997","unstructured":"Schrift A (1997) The Logic of the Gift: Toward an Ethic of Generosity. New York: Routledge."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9781400829378"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_65_1","volume-title":"The Digital Economy: Promise and Peril in the Age of Networked Intelligence","author":"Tapscott D","year":"1994","unstructured":"Tapscott D (1994) The Digital Economy: Promise and Peril in the Age of Networked Intelligence. New York: McGraw-Hill."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1215\/01642472-18-2_63-33"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_67_1","volume-title":"The Gift Relationship","author":"Titmuss R","year":"1970","unstructured":"Titmuss R (1970) The Gift Relationship. London: Allen & Unwin."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1525\/9780520952454"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_69_1","volume-title":"The Revolution of Everyday Life","author":"Vaneigem R","year":"1972","unstructured":"Vaneigem R (1972) The Revolution of Everyday Life. London: Practical Paradise."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_70_1","volume-title":"Theory of the Leisure Class","author":"Veblen T","year":"2007","unstructured":"Veblen T (2007 [1899]) Theory of the Leisure Class. London: MacMillan."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_71_1","volume-title":"A Grammar of the Multitude","author":"Virno P","year":"2004","unstructured":"Virno P (2004) A Grammar of the Multitude. Los Angeles, CA: Semiotext(e)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_72_1","volume-title":"Elements of Pure Economics","author":"Walras L","year":"1954","unstructured":"Walras L (1954 [1874]) Elements of Pure Economics. London: Routledge."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1525\/california\/9780520076037.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/030981689405200105"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_75_1","volume-title":"The Attention Merchants","author":"Wu T","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wu T (2016) The Attention Merchants. New York: Knopf."}],"container-title":["New Media &amp; Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1461444819834610","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/1461444819834610","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1461444819834610","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T03:48:12Z","timestamp":1777693692000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/1461444819834610"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,14]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/1461444819834610"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1461444819834610","relation":{},"ISSN":["1461-4448","1461-7315"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1461-4448","type":"print"},{"value":"1461-7315","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,14]]}}}