{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T23:22:06Z","timestamp":1777936926371,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"11-12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,21]],"date-time":"2019-06-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1561075200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002643","name":"kwangwoon university","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002643","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["New Media &amp; Society"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Research on nonprofit organizations\u2019 (NPOs) social media strategies has focused on the dialogic features of social media to improve organization\u2013stakeholder relationships and elicit stakeholder responses. However, NPOs may initiate different types of relationships with their stakeholders on social media (i.e. flow, representational, and affinity). Stakeholders may also create autonomous networks among themselves beyond simply responding to the NPOs. Based on observations of 100 NPOs\u2019 and stakeholders\u2019 1-month-Twitter activities, this study captures varying types of NPOs\u2019 ties embedded in social media and examines how each type correlates with stakeholders\u2019 autonomous networks. The results suggest that each type of tie has a different role in autonomous networks. This study provides a nuanced understanding of diverse networks embedded in social media and sheds light on autonomous networks as distinctive virtual communities for NPOs during this era of transformation in collective action and social change, existing at the intersection of loose organizational coordination and individual autonomy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444819854806","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,21]],"date-time":"2019-06-21T07:49:27Z","timestamp":1561103367000},"page":"2648-2670","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Communicating without nonprofit organizations on nonprofits\u2019 social media: Stakeholders\u2019 autonomous networks and three types of organizational ties"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7039-4162","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jennifer","family":"Ihm","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Kwangwoon University, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1461444819854806","volume-title":"The Dragonfly Effect: Quick, Effective, and Powerful Ways to Use Social Media to Drive Change","author":"Aaker J","year":"2010"},{"key":"bibr2-1461444819854806","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/258189"},{"key":"bibr3-1461444819854806","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13691180802687621"},{"key":"bibr4-1461444819854806","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1369118X.2012.670661"},{"key":"bibr5-1461444819854806","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511978777"},{"key":"bibr6-1461444819854806","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pubrev.2009.05.002"},{"key":"bibr7-1461444819854806","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s1532754xjprr0902_01"},{"key":"bibr8-1461444819854806","volume-title":"Strategic Planning for Public and Nonprofit Organizations: A Guide to Strengthening and Sustaining Organizational Achievement","author":"Bryson JM","year":"2018"},{"key":"bibr9-1461444819854806","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pubrev.2014.01.008"},{"key":"bibr10-1461444819854806","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-0992(199903\/05)29:2\/3<371::AID-EJSP932>3.0.CO;2-U"},{"key":"bibr11-1461444819854806","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1083-6101.2011.01550.x"},{"key":"bibr12-1461444819854806","volume-title":"Managing Public Relations","author":"Grunig JE","year":"1984"},{"key":"bibr13-1461444819854806","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0899764017713724"},{"key":"bibr14-1461444819854806","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2885.2006.00003.x"},{"key":"bibr15-1461444819854806","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pubrev.2015.06.018"},{"key":"bibr16-1461444819854806","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1369118X.2011.559265"},{"key":"bibr17-1461444819854806","volume-title":"Measuring the Networked Nonprofit: Using Data to Change the World","author":"Kanter B","year":"2012"},{"key":"bibr18-1461444819854806","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-2466.2008.01410.x"},{"key":"bibr19-1461444819854806","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0363-8111(02)00108-X"},{"key":"bibr20-1461444819854806","unstructured":"Larson K, Watson RT (2011) The value of social media: toward measuring social media strategies. 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