{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T23:25:15Z","timestamp":1777937115099,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]],"date-time":"2021-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627776000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["New Media &amp; Society"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Upon release from prison, women face barriers in every step of their journey home, with most reentry services designed for men. With virtual reality (VR) headsets increasingly affordable and normalized as a mental health treatment modality, VR is being adopted by prisons around the United States. We argue that the risks and affordances of VR in this political context necessitate centering those with lived experience as creative agents to avoid designing media that re-traumatizes, reduces the complexities of reentry, and reproduces oppressive prisoner\u2013guard dynamics. This article documents and analyzes the design process of a VR reentry program for a state prison to help incarcerated women practice responding to high-stress reentry situations, prior to their release. The resulting VR prototype draws on therapeutic VR work but takes a community-based participatory design approach. We conclude by discussing the institutional and cultural tensions of implementing a participatory design process in a US state prison system.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444821993131","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,21]],"date-time":"2021-08-21T06:08:17Z","timestamp":1629526097000},"page":"2210-2229","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Therapeutic virtual reality in prison: Participatory design with incarcerated women"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3051-0787","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melissa Q","family":"Teng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Gordon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1461444821993131","volume-title":"The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness","author":"Alexander M","year":"2010"},{"key":"bibr2-1461444821993131","unstructured":"Alper M, Durose MR, Markman J (2018) 2018 update on prisoner recidivism: a 9-year follow-up period (2005\u20132014). Rep. N. NCJ 250975. Available at: https:\/\/www.bjs.gov\/content\/pub\/pdf\/18upr9yfup0514.pdf"},{"key":"bibr3-1461444821993131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0887403405282450"},{"key":"bibr4-1461444821993131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/8262.001.0001"},{"key":"bibr5-1461444821993131","unstructured":"Bindi T (2016) New York startup to use VR tech to rehabilitate prisoners. ZDNet. Available at: https:\/\/www.zdnet.com\/article\/new-york-startup-to-use-vr-tech-to-rehabilitate-prisoners\/"},{"key":"bibr6-1461444821993131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/11973"},{"key":"bibr7-1461444821993131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15710882.2012.672577"},{"key":"bibr8-1461444821993131","first-page":"86","volume-title":"Routledge International Handbook of Participatory Design","author":"Blomberg J","year":"2013"},{"key":"bibr9-1461444821993131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S89542"},{"key":"bibr10-1461444821993131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1010069907461"},{"key":"bibr11-1461444821993131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buckwalter JG (2015) The strive-ONR (Office of Naval Research) project: Stress resistance in virtual environments. Contact No. N00014-12-1-0163. Available at: https:\/\/apps.dtic.mil\/sti\/citations\/ADA623557","DOI":"10.21236\/ADA623557"},{"key":"bibr12-1461444821993131","unstructured":"Carson EA, Anderson E (2016) Prisoners in 2015. Rep. N. NCJ 250229. Available at: https:\/\/www.bjs.gov\/content\/pub\/pdf\/p15.pdf"},{"key":"bibr13-1461444821993131","first-page":"113","volume-title":"Ethical Considerations for Research Involving Prisoners","author":"Committee on Ethical Considerations for Revisions to DHHS Regulations for Protection of Prisoners Involved in Research, Board on Health Sciences Policy, Institute of Medicine of the National Academies","year":"2007"},{"key":"bibr14-1461444821993131","volume-title":"Design Justice","author":"Costanza-Chock S","year":"2019"},{"key":"bibr15-1461444821993131","volume-title":"Paper presented at the From prisons to home conference","author":"Covington S","year":"2002"},{"key":"bibr16-1461444821993131","unstructured":"DiLallo K (2017) Understanding the Needs of Women in the Justice System. Vera Institute of Justice. Available at: https:\/\/www.vera.org\/blog\/understanding-the-needs-of-women-in-the-justice-system (accessed 8 August 2018)."},{"key":"bibr17-1461444821993131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315630830"},{"key":"bibr18-1461444821993131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/8732.001.0001"},{"key":"bibr19-1461444821993131","first-page":"202","volume-title":"Routledge International Handbook of Participatory Design","author":"DiSalvo C","year":"2013"},{"key":"bibr20-1461444821993131","unstructured":"Durose MR, Cooper AD, Snyder HN (2014) Recidivism of prisoners released in 30 states in 2005: patterns from 2005 to 2010. Rep. N. NCJ 244205. Available at: https:\/\/www.bjs.gov\/content\/pub\/pdf\/rprts05p0510.pdf"},{"key":"bibr21-1461444821993131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4101\/jvwr.v11i1.7304"},{"key":"bibr22-1461444821993131","unstructured":"Fetterling J (2016) Virtual reality to impact the prison market. Correctional News. Available at: http:\/\/correctionalnews.com\/2016\/11\/16\/virtual-reality-impact-prison-market\/"},{"key":"bibr23-1461444821993131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1555343418775561"},{"key":"bibr24-1461444821993131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.92.12.1895"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr25-1461444821993131","first-page":"86","volume":"6","author":"Friedrich K","year":"2016","journal-title":"MediaTropes"},{"key":"bibr26-1461444821993131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/343191"},{"key":"bibr27-1461444821993131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/cpb.2009.0118"},{"key":"bibr28-1461444821993131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","volume-title":"Meaningful Inefficiencies: Civic Design in the Age of Digital Expediency","author":"Gordon E","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780190870140.001.0001"},{"key":"bibr29-1461444821993131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0011128704267477"},{"key":"bibr30-1461444821993131","first-page":"246","volume-title":"Therapeutic Communities: Past, Present and Future","author":"Haigh R","year":"1999"},{"key":"bibr31-1461444821993131","unstructured":"Institute for Creative Technologies (2014) Stress Resilience in Virtual Environments (Strive). Institute for Creative Technologies Prototypes. Available at: https:\/\/ict.usc.edu\/prototypes\/strive\/ (accessed 8 August 2018)."},{"key":"bibr32-1461444821993131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"James DJ, Glaze LE (2006) Mental health problems of prison and jail inmates. Rep. No. NCJ 213600. Available at: https:\/\/www.bjs.gov\/content\/pub\/pdf\/mhppji.pdf (accessed 25 April 2018).","DOI":"10.1037\/e557002006-001"},{"key":"bibr33-1461444821993131","unstructured":"Kajstura A (2017) Women\u2019s mass incarceration: the whole pie 2017. Prison Policy Initiative. Available at: https:\/\/www.prisonpolicy.org\/reports\/pie2017women.html"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr34-1461444821993131","volume":"9","author":"Koski SV","year":"2013","journal-title":"Insight: Rivier Academic Journal"},{"key":"bibr35-1461444821993131","unstructured":"Leap J, Benson S, Davidson C, et al. (2016) A new way of life re-entry project: a case study. Available at: http:\/\/testif-i.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/04\/A-New-of-Life-Case-Study-Long-Beach-BHC.pdf (accessed 13 July 2019)."},{"key":"bibr36-1461444821993131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/10513.001.0001"},{"key":"bibr37-1461444821993131","unstructured":"Lester M (2018) As prisoners imagine life on the outside, can technology help them stay out? Anchorage Daily News. Available at: https:\/\/www.adn.com\/alaska-news\/crime-courts\/2018\/05\/21\/can-virtual-reality-help-reform-prisoners-department-of-corrections-wants-to-find-out\/ (accessed 26 July 2018)."},{"key":"bibr38-1461444821993131","unstructured":"Lewis N (2018) A view of tomorrow. The Marshall Project. Available at: https:\/\/www.themarshallproject.org\/2018\/07\/17\/a-view-of-tomorrow (accessed 26 July 2018)."},{"key":"bibr39-1461444821993131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/9873.001.0001"},{"key":"bibr40-1461444821993131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HRP.0000000000000138"},{"key":"bibr41-1461444821993131","unstructured":"Mauer M, Potler C, Wolf R (1999) Gender and Justice: Women, Drugs, and Sentencing Policy. Washington, DC: Sentencing Project, p. 5."},{"issue":"54","key":"bibr42-1461444821993131","first-page":"1","volume":"17","author":"Miner-Romanoff K","year":"2012","journal-title":"Qualitative Report"},{"key":"bibr43-1461444821993131","volume-title":"Women offenders: Programming needs and promising approaches","author":"Morash M","year":"1998"},{"key":"bibr44-1461444821993131","first-page":"1051","volume-title":"The Human-computer Interaction Handbook","author":"Muller M","year":"2002"},{"key":"bibr45-1461444821993131","volume-title":"When Prisoners Come Home: Parole and Prisoner Reentry","author":"Petersilia J","year":"2003"},{"key":"bibr46-1461444821993131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0306624X09350212"},{"key":"bibr47-1461444821993131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/cpb.2005.8.220"},{"key":"bibr48-1461444821993131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rizzo A (2017) Bravemind: advancing the virtual Iraq\/Afghanistan PTSD exposure therapy for MST. Grant No. W81XWH-14-C-0091. Available at: https:\/\/ntrl.ntis.gov\/NTRL\/dashboard\/searchResults\/titleDetail\/AD1042614.xhtml","DOI":"10.21236\/ADA636987"},{"key":"bibr49-1461444821993131","first-page":"379","volume":"173","author":"Rizzo A","year":"2012","journal-title":"Studies in Health Technology and Informatics"},{"key":"bibr50-1461444821993131","unstructured":"Rizzo A, John B, Williams J, et al. (2012b) Stress resilience in virtual environments: training combat relevant emotional coping skills using virtual reality. In: Proceedings of the 9th conference on disability, virtual reality & associated technologies. Available at: https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/258050533_Stress_resilience_in_virtual_environments_training_combat_relevant_emotional_coping_skills_using_virtual_reality"},{"key":"bibr51-1461444821993131","first-page":"243","volume-title":"Ethical Issues in Clinical Neuropsychology","author":"Rizzo A","year":"2003"},{"key":"bibr52-1461444821993131","unstructured":"Rohringer S (2018) VR prepares Colorado inmates for the real world. All3DP. Available at: https:\/\/all3dp.com\/vr-colorado-inmates-real-world\/ (accessed on 8 August 2018)."},{"key":"bibr53-1461444821993131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0145445599234001"},{"key":"bibr54-1461444821993131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.152.4.626"},{"key":"bibr55-1461444821993131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0011128703049003002"},{"key":"bibr56-1461444821993131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10509670902850812"},{"key":"bibr57-1461444821993131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3290607.3299050"},{"key":"bibr58-1461444821993131","unstructured":"Turk M (2018) For some prisoners on the cusp of freedom, virtual reality readies them for release. Colorado Public Radio. Available at: http:\/\/www.cpr.org\/news\/story\/for-some-prisoners-on-the-cusp-of-release-virtual-reality-readies-them-for-freedom (accessed 7 August 2018)."},{"key":"bibr59-1461444821993131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.01.015"},{"key":"bibr60-1461444821993131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Verbaan S, Aldington C, McNaney R, et al. (2018) Potentials of HCI for prisons and incarcerated individuals. In: Extended abstracts of the 2018 CHI conference on human factors in computing systems (p. SIG17). ACM. Available at: https:\/\/research-information.bris.ac.uk\/en\/publications\/potentials-of-hci-for-prisons-and-incarcerated-individuals","DOI":"10.1145\/3170427.3185367"},{"key":"bibr61-1461444821993131","unstructured":"Virtual Rehab (2018) Virtual rehab white paper. Available at: https:\/\/www.virtualrehab.co\/vr-new-uploads\/White%20Paper.pdf (accessed 7 August 2018)."},{"key":"bibr62-1461444821993131","unstructured":"Wagner P, Sawyer W (2018) Mass incarceration: the whole pie 2018. Prison Policy Initiative. Available at: https:\/\/www.prisonpolicy.org\/reports\/pie2018.html"},{"key":"bibr63-1461444821993131","volume-title":"Prison inmates at midyear 2009","author":"West HC","year":"2010"}],"container-title":["New Media &amp; Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1461444821993131","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/1461444821993131","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1461444821993131","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T03:54:03Z","timestamp":1777694043000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/1461444821993131"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/1461444821993131"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1461444821993131","relation":{},"ISSN":["1461-4448","1461-7315"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1461-4448","type":"print"},{"value":"1461-7315","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]}}}