{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T23:27:19Z","timestamp":1777937239436,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,20]],"date-time":"2022-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663632000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004184","name":"Northeastern University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Tier 1 Grant"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Tier 1 Grant"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004184","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["New Media &amp; Society"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Given the prevalence of misinformation on social media and accompanying negative externalities, platform regulation has become a highly contested public issue globally. This study investigated (a) what global publics think about platform regulation and (b) the psychological mechanisms underlying such opinions through the lens of the third-person effect. Four national surveys, conducted in the United States, the United Kingdom, South Korea, and Mexico in April\u2013September 2021, revealed that both presumed media influence on self and others play important but different roles in predicting support for two distinctive forms of platform regulation (i.e. government regulation of social media platforms versus content moderation by social media platforms). Self-efficacy (self-perceived ability to spot misinformation) and other-efficacy (perception of others\u2019 ability to spot misinformation) were identified as two crucial antecedents of third-person perception. There were also nuanced but noteworthy differences in public attitudes toward platform regulations across the four countries studied.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/14614448221122996","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,21]],"date-time":"2022-09-21T01:41:00Z","timestamp":1663724460000},"page":"4534-4553","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Social media regulation, third-person effect, and public views: A comparative study of the United States, the United Kingdom, South Korea, and Mexico"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6290-859X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Myojung","family":"Chung","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Northeastern University, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Wihbey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northeastern University, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-14614448221122996","unstructured":"Alba D (2021) YouTube bans all anti-vaccine misinformation. The New York Times, 29 September. Available at: https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2021\/09\/29\/technology\/youtube-anti-vaxx-ban.html"},{"key":"bibr2-14614448221122996","unstructured":"Allen V (2021) Freedom of expression fears grow as tough new Ofcom code classes \u201c political opinion\u201d in its definition of hate speech. Daily Mail, 3 January. Available at: https:\/\/www.dailymail.co.uk\/news\/article-9109579\/Freedom-speech-fears-grow-Ofcom-code-adds-political-opinion-definition-hate-speech.html"},{"key":"bibr3-14614448221122996","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15205436.2018.1562076"},{"key":"bibr4-14614448221122996","first-page":"71","volume-title":"Encyclopedia of Human Behavior","author":"Bandura A","year":"1994"},{"key":"bibr5-14614448221122996","unstructured":"Bidar M (2021) Lawmakers vow stricter regulations on social media platforms to combat misinformation. CBS News, 25 March. Available at: https:\/\/www.cbsnews.com\/news\/misinformation-extremism-hearing-google-facebooktwitter-watch-live-stream-today-2021-03-25"},{"key":"bibr6-14614448221122996","first-page":"521","volume":"68","author":"Brown NI","year":"2018","journal-title":"Syracuse Law Review"},{"key":"bibr7-14614448221122996","unstructured":"Census Bureau (2017) 2017 Data Profiles. Available at: https:\/\/www.census.gov\/acs\/www\/data\/data-tables-and-tools\/data-profiles\/2017\/"},{"key":"bibr8-14614448221122996","unstructured":"Center for International Governance Innovation (2019) Fake news: a global epidemic. Available at: https:\/\/www.ipsos.com\/en-us\/news-polls\/cigi-fake-news-global-epidemic"},{"key":"bibr9-14614448221122996","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2017.02.010"},{"key":"bibr10-14614448221122996","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444820902103"},{"key":"bibr11-14614448221122996","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.telpol.2021.102185"},{"key":"bibr12-14614448221122996","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15205436.2020.1750656"},{"key":"bibr13-14614448221122996","unstructured":"Choe SH (2021) \u201cHistorical distortions\u201d test South Korea\u2019s commitment to free speech. The New York Times, 18 July. Available at: https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2021\/07\/18\/world\/asia\/korea-misinformation-youtube.html"},{"key":"bibr14-14614448221122996","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2018.10.011"},{"key":"bibr15-14614448221122996","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/hcr\/hqaa010"},{"key":"bibr16-14614448221122996","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/hcre.12078"},{"key":"bibr17-14614448221122996","unstructured":"Constant J (2021) The trouble with South Korea\u2019s \u201cfake news\u201d law. The Diplomat, 27 April. Available at: https:\/\/thediplomat.com\/2021\/08\/the-trouble-with-south-koreas-fake-news-law\/"},{"key":"bibr18-14614448221122996","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0267323120903686"},{"key":"bibr19-14614448221122996","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/268763"},{"key":"bibr20-14614448221122996","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-385522-0.00005-6"},{"key":"bibr21-14614448221122996","unstructured":"Electronic Frontier Foundation (2021) Santa Clara open principles report. Available at: https:\/\/santaclaraprinciples.org\/images\/SantaClara_Report.pdf"},{"key":"bibr22-14614448221122996","unstructured":"Freedom Forum Institute (2019) The 2019 state of the First Amendment. Available at: https:\/\/www.freedomforuminstitute.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/SOFAreport2019.pdf"},{"key":"bibr23-14614448221122996","unstructured":"Freedom House (2018) Freedom on the net 2018. Available at: https:\/\/freedomhouse.org\/sites\/default\/files\/FOTN_2018_Final.pdf"},{"key":"bibr24-14614448221122996","unstructured":"Freedom House (2022) Countries and territories. Available at: https:\/\/freedomhouse.org\/countries\/freedom-world\/scores (accessed 25 April 2022)."},{"key":"bibr25-14614448221122996","unstructured":"Frenkel S, Issac M (2018) Inside Facebook\u2019s election \u201cwar room.\u201d The New York Times, 19 September. Available at: https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2018\/09\/19\/technology\/facebook-election-war-room.html"},{"key":"bibr26-14614448221122996","unstructured":"Gilbert S (2021) Facebook ranks countries into tiers of importance for content moderation, with some nations getting little to no direct oversight, report says. Insider, 25 October. Available at: https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/facebook-ranks-the-world-into-tiers-of-importance-report-2021-10"},{"key":"bibr27-14614448221122996","unstructured":"Gottfried J (2020) Around three-in-ten Americans are very confident they could fact-check news about COVID-19. Available at: https:\/\/www.pewresearch.org\/fact-tank\/2020\/05\/28\/around-three-in-ten-americans-are-very-confident-they-could-fact-check-news-about-covid-19\/"},{"key":"bibr28-14614448221122996","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gunther AC, Mundy P (1993) Biased optimism and the third-person effect. Journalism Quarterly 70(1): 58\u201367.","DOI":"10.1177\/107769909307000107"},{"key":"bibr29-14614448221122996","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-2466.2003.tb02586.x"},{"key":"bibr30-14614448221122996","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21670811.2020.1773888"},{"key":"bibr31-14614448221122996","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2018.11.021"},{"key":"bibr32-14614448221122996","volume-title":"Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind","author":"Hofstede G","year":"2010"},{"key":"bibr33-14614448221122996","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2017.11.034"},{"key":"bibr34-14614448221122996","first-page":"227","volume":"1","author":"Keller D","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Free Speech"},{"key":"bibr35-14614448221122996","unstructured":"KOSIS (2021) 2021 Census. Available at: https:\/\/kosis.kr\/eng\/statisticsList\/statisticsListIndex.do?menuId=M_01_01&vwcd=MT_ETITLE&parmTabId=M_01_01"},{"key":"bibr36-14614448221122996","unstructured":"Lakhani N (2020) Mexico world\u2019s deadliest country for journalists, new report finds. The Guardian, 22 December. Available at: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2020\/dec\/22\/mexico-journalists-deadly-cpr-press-freedom"},{"key":"bibr37-14614448221122996","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10810730.2016.1245801"},{"key":"bibr38-14614448221122996","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1521\/jscp.21.3.256.22535"},{"key":"bibr39-14614448221122996","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1077699016687722"},{"key":"bibr40-14614448221122996","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2019527118"},{"key":"bibr41-14614448221122996","volume-title":"56% In U.S. Oppose Right to Sue Social Media Companies Over User Content","author":"McClain C","year":"2021"},{"key":"bibr42-14614448221122996","volume-title":"How Americans Navigated the News in 2020: A Tumultuous Year in Review","author":"Mitchell A","year":"2021"},{"key":"bibr43-14614448221122996","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7312\/napo18454"},{"key":"bibr44-14614448221122996","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.37016\/mr-2020-59"},{"key":"bibr45-14614448221122996","volume-title":"Online Nation 2019 Report","author":"Ofcom","year":"2020"},{"key":"bibr46-14614448221122996","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17645\/mac.v8i2.2853"},{"key":"bibr47-14614448221122996","unstructured":"Patel N (2021) Can we regulate social media without breaking the First Amendment? The Verge, 16 December. Available at: https:\/\/www.theverge.com\/22838473\/social-media-first-amendment-regulation-section-230-decoder-podcast"},{"key":"bibr48-14614448221122996","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s1532785xmep0104_4"},{"key":"bibr49-14614448221122996","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/9781108890960"},{"key":"bibr50-14614448221122996","volume-title":"Survey Says We Like Our First Amendment Rights\u2014Whatever They Are","author":"Policinski G","year":"2021"},{"key":"bibr51-14614448221122996","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1369118X.2021.1874040"},{"key":"bibr52-14614448221122996","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10811680.2020.1735194"},{"key":"bibr53-14614448221122996","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0093650215570657"},{"key":"bibr54-14614448221122996","unstructured":"Schulz W (2018) Regulating Intermediaries to Protect Privacy Online \u2014The Case of the German Netzdg. Personality and Data Protection Rights on the Internet. Available at: https:\/\/ssrn.com\/abstract=3216572"},{"key":"bibr55-14614448221122996","volume-title":"Freedom on the Net: The Global Drive to Control Big Tech","author":"Shahbaz A","year":"2021"},{"key":"bibr56-14614448221122996","unstructured":"Silverman C, Singer-Vine J (2016) Most Americans who see fake news believe it, new survey says. Buzzfeed News, 6 December. Available at: https:\/\/www.buzzfeednews.com\/article\/craigsilverman\/fake-news-survey"},{"key":"bibr57-14614448221122996","unstructured":"UK National Statistics (2011) 2011 Census. Available at: https:\/\/www.ons.gov.uk\/census\/2011census"},{"key":"bibr58-14614448221122996","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3923905"},{"key":"bibr59-14614448221122996","unstructured":"World Bank (2020) 2020 Mexico Census. Available at: https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/country\/MX"},{"key":"bibr60-14614448221122996","unstructured":"Zakrzewski C, Stein P (2021) Facebook whistleblower hearing shows European policymakers are ahead of the U.S. in regulating Big Tech. The Washington Post, 8 November. Available at: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/technology\/2021\/11\/08\/haugen-facebook-whistleblower-eu-testimony\/"}],"container-title":["New Media &amp; Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/14614448221122996","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/14614448221122996","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/14614448221122996","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T03:56:05Z","timestamp":1777694165000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/14614448221122996"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,20]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/14614448221122996"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/14614448221122996","relation":{},"ISSN":["1461-4448","1461-7315"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1461-4448","type":"print"},{"value":"1461-7315","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,20]]}}}