{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T23:28:07Z","timestamp":1777937287369,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]],"date-time":"2023-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675209600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["New Media &amp; Society"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Based on a comprehensive set of studies collected via five academic databases, this scoping review examines how inequality and discrimination have been studied in the context of paid online labor. We identify three approaches in the literature that aim to (1) identify participation patterns in (national) survey data, (2) examine background characteristics of online contractors based on survey or digital trace data, and (3) reveal social biases in the hiring process using experimental data. Building on Shaw and Hargittai\u2019s pipeline of participation, we present a multi-stage model of engagement in online labor. When we map the studies across the stages, it becomes clear that the literature focuses on later stages (i.e.\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">having been hired<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">received payment<\/jats:italic>\n                    ). Based on this analysis, future research should examine barriers to participation in earlier stages. Furthermore, we advocate for research that examines participation across multiple pipeline stages as well as for analysis of platform-level biases.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/14614448221151200","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]],"date-time":"2023-02-01T04:03:48Z","timestamp":1675224228000},"page":"3714-3734","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Inequality and discrimination in the online labor market: A scoping review"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4261-7725","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Floor","family":"Fiers","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Northwestern University, USA"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.13060\/gav.2020.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1756-2171.12115"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_6_4_1","first-page":"393","article-title":"Platform inequality: gender in the gig-economy","volume":"47","author":"Barzilay AR","year":"2016","unstructured":"Barzilay AR, Ben-David A (2016) Platform inequality: gender in the gig-economy. 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