{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T23:27:41Z","timestamp":1777937261627,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,11]],"date-time":"2023-04-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681171200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Education of the Republic of Korea and the National Research Foundation of Korea","award":["NRF-2021S1A5C2A02088387"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2021S1A5C2A02088387"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["New Media &amp; Society"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Disinformation presented in multiple modalities (textual, visual, and auditory modes; multimodal disinformation) has become a serious concern. This study examines how disinformation, portrayed using an image or video format, may be more powerful than text-only disinformation. In particular, we examined the impact on affective mechanisms, as well as the moderating role of perceived issue relevance. Through an online experiment with modality conditions and a control group (text-only disinformation vs image-plus-text disinformation vs video-plus-text disinformation vs control; N\u2009=\u2009413), results indicate that while anxiety is a critical mechanism that explains the overall effects of disinformation on misperceptions, video-plus-text disinformation turns out to increase misperceptions directly or indirectly through anxiety. Video-plus-text disinformation (vs control) showed a significant interaction with perceived issue relevance; that said, the difference in anxiety decreased between those with low and high perceived issue relevance in the video-plus-text disinformation. Implications are discussed in light of the realism heuristic, affect heuristic, and modality-biased processing in explaining the emotional impact of multimodal disinformation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/14614448231153959","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,12]],"date-time":"2023-04-12T02:54:50Z","timestamp":1681268090000},"page":"6838-6860","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["The emotional effects of multimodal disinformation: How multimodality, issue relevance, and anxiety affect misperceptions about the flu vaccine"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0800-9355","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiyoung","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sungkyunkwan University, Republic of Korea"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8038-5005","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Hameleers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2678-7388","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Soo Yun","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Seoul National University, Republic of Korea"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-14614448231153959","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10410236.2013.869650"},{"key":"bibr2-14614448231153959","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31234\/osf.io\/hm9vu."},{"key":"bibr3-14614448231153959","unstructured":"Baig J (2019) From cancer cures to unproven therapies, oncologists compete with Dr. Google. NBC News, 30 April. Available at: https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/think\/opinion\/cancer-cures-unproven-therapies-oncologists-compete-dr-google-ncna999781"},{"key":"bibr4-14614448231153959","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11002-014-9325-y"},{"key":"bibr5-14614448231153959","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1509\/jmkr.44.2.175"},{"key":"bibr6-14614448231153959","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcom.12166"},{"key":"bibr7-14614448231153959","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1940161220964780"},{"key":"bibr8-14614448231153959","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2018.304567"},{"key":"bibr9-14614448231153959","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10410236.2020.1751384"},{"key":"bibr10-14614448231153959","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1948550619875149"},{"key":"bibr11-14614448231153959","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10410236.2020.1838096"},{"key":"bibr12-14614448231153959","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/10776990211035395"},{"key":"bibr13-14614448231153959","unstructured":"Enten H (2021) Flu shots uptake is now partisan. It didn\u2019t use to be. CNN, 14 November. Available at: https:\/\/www.cnn.com\/2021\/11\/14\/politics\/flu-partisan-divide-analysis\/index.html"},{"key":"bibr14-14614448231153959","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-2466.1993.tb01304.x"},{"key":"bibr15-14614448231153959","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-0771(200001\/03)13:1<1::AID-BDM333>3.0.CO;2-S"},{"key":"bibr16-14614448231153959","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17645\/mac.v7i4.2388"},{"key":"bibr17-14614448231153959","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1368430220987596"},{"key":"bibr18-14614448231153959","unstructured":"France-Presse A (2020) As US battles COVID-19, flu shot misinformation spreads. Rappler, 17 October. Available at: https:\/\/www.rappler.com\/world\/us-canada\/flu-shot-misinformation-spreads\/"},{"key":"bibr19-14614448231153959","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2020.01.010"},{"key":"bibr20-14614448231153959","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/comt.12048"},{"key":"bibr21-14614448231153959","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0247642"},{"key":"bibr22-14614448231153959","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/26527"},{"key":"bibr23-14614448231153959","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2150132720932722"},{"key":"bibr24-14614448231153959","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10584609.2019.1674979"},{"key":"bibr25-14614448231153959","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1090198119866886"},{"key":"bibr26-14614448231153959","volume-title":"Introduction to Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional Process Analysis: A Regression-based Approach","author":"Hayes AF","year":"2017","edition":"2"},{"key":"bibr27-14614448231153959","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/psrm.2020.6"},{"key":"bibr28-14614448231153959","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02650487.2020.1863065"},{"key":"bibr29-14614448231153959","unstructured":"Lai S (2022) Data misuse and disinformation: technology and the 2022 elections. Brookings, 21 June. Available at: https:\/\/www.brookings.edu\/blog\/techtank\/2022\/06\/21\/data-misuse-and-disinformation-technology-and-the-2022-elections\/"},{"key":"bibr30-14614448231153959","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-2466.2000.tb02833.x"},{"key":"bibr31-14614448231153959","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195069945.001.0001"},{"key":"bibr32-14614448231153959","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.92.5.887"},{"key":"bibr33-14614448231153959","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444814567982"},{"key":"bibr34-14614448231153959","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00909882.2021.1964574"},{"issue":"4","key":"bibr35-14614448231153959","first-page":"531","volume":"25","author":"Lee J","year":"2022","journal-title":"Media"},{"key":"bibr36-14614448231153959","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781003008828-12"},{"key":"bibr37-14614448231153959","first-page":"874","volume":"13","author":"Lu Y","year":"2019","journal-title":"International Journal of Communication"},{"key":"bibr38-14614448231153959","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/24435"},{"key":"bibr39-14614448231153959","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s41235-020-00252-3"},{"key":"bibr40-14614448231153959","first-page":"215","volume-title":"Framing Public Life","author":"Messaris P","year":"2001"},{"key":"bibr41-14614448231153959","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-2466.2010.01488.x"},{"key":"bibr42-14614448231153959","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780190900250.003.0013"},{"key":"bibr43-14614448231153959","volume-title":"Misinformation and fact-checking: Research findings from social science","author":"Nyhan B","year":"2012"},{"key":"bibr44-14614448231153959","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2885.2003.tb00292.x"},{"key":"bibr45-14614448231153959","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.630268"},{"key":"bibr46-14614448231153959","unstructured":"Parks M (2021) Few facts, millions of clicks: fearmongering vaccine stories go viral online. NPR, 25 March. Available at: https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2021\/03\/25\/980035707\/lying-through-truth-misleading-facts-fuel-vaccine-disinformation"},{"key":"bibr47-14614448231153959","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/JPBM-12-2018-2179"},{"key":"bibr48-14614448231153959","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03344-2"},{"key":"bibr49-14614448231153959","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.37.10.1915"},{"key":"bibr50-14614448231153959","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-4964-1_1"},{"key":"bibr51-14614448231153959","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcom.12184"},{"key":"bibr52-14614448231153959","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15213269.2018.1476891"},{"key":"bibr53-14614448231153959","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21670811.2020.1743193"},{"key":"bibr54-14614448231153959","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17144915"},{"key":"bibr55-14614448231153959","unstructured":"Shearer E, Grieco E (2019) Americans are wary of the role social media sites play in delivering the news. Pew Research Center, 2 October. Available at: https:\/\/www.pewresearch.org\/journalism\/2019\/10\/02\/americans-are-wary-of-the-role-social-media-sites-play-in-delivering-the-news\/"},{"key":"bibr56-14614448231153959","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2005.04.006"},{"key":"bibr57-14614448231153959","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.52.3.475"},{"key":"bibr58-14614448231153959","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10410236.2020.1838108"},{"key":"bibr59-14614448231153959","first-page":"72","volume-title":"Digital Media, Youth, and Credibility","author":"Sundar SS","year":"2008"},{"key":"bibr60-14614448231153959","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jcmc\/zmab010"},{"key":"bibr61-14614448231153959","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1464884919868325"},{"key":"bibr62-14614448231153959","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0203958"},{"key":"bibr63-14614448231153959","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315525419"},{"key":"bibr64-14614448231153959","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aap9559"},{"key":"bibr65-14614448231153959","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12528-011-9042-y"},{"key":"bibr66-14614448231153959","unstructured":"Zadrozny B (2019) Social media hosted a lot of fake health news this year. Here\u2019s what went most viral. NBC News, 29 December. Available at: https:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/news\/us-news\/social-media-hosted-lot-fake-health-news-year-here-s-n1107466"},{"key":"bibr67-14614448231153959","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11280-021-00862-x"},{"key":"bibr68-14614448231153959","unstructured":"Zuckerman E (2021) Facebook has a disinformation problem, and is blocking access to data about how much there is and who is affected. The Conversation, 2 November. Available at: https:\/\/theconversation.com\/facebook-has-a-disinformation-problem-and-is-blocking-access-to-data-about-how-much-there-is-and-who-is-affected-164838"}],"container-title":["New Media &amp; Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/14614448231153959","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/14614448231153959","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/14614448231153959","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T03:57:58Z","timestamp":1777694278000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/14614448231153959"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,11]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/14614448231153959"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/14614448231153959","relation":{},"ISSN":["1461-4448","1461-7315"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1461-4448","type":"print"},{"value":"1461-7315","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,11]]}}}