{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T03:22:36Z","timestamp":1773717756793,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,9]],"date-time":"2023-05-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1683590400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000275","name":"Leverhulme Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RPG-2020-019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RPG-2020-019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000275","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["New Media &amp; Society"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Personal messaging platforms are hugely popular and often implicated in the spread of misinformation. We explore an unexamined practice on them: when users create \u201cgroup rules\u201d to prevent misinformation entering everyday interactions. Our data are a subset of in-depth interviews with 33 participants in a larger program of longitudinal qualitative fieldwork ( N\u2009=\u2009102) we conducted over 16 months. Participants could also donate examples of misinformation via our customized smartphone application. We find that some participants created group rules to mitigate what they saw as messaging\u2019s harmful affordances. In the context of personalized trust relationships, these affordances were perceived as making it likely that misinformation would harm social ties. Rules reduce the vulnerability and can stimulate metacommunication that, over time, fosters norms of collective reflection and epistemic vigilance, although the impact differs subtly according to group size and membership. Subject to further exploration, group rulemaking could reduce the spread of online misinformation. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/14614448231172964","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,10]],"date-time":"2023-05-10T17:25:43Z","timestamp":1683739543000},"page":"106-126","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Misinformation rules!? Could \u201cgroup rules\u201d reduce misinformation in online personal messaging?"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5155-8173","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew","family":"Chadwick","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Loughborough University, UK"}]},{"given":"Natalie-Anne","family":"Hall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Loughborough University, UK"}]},{"given":"Cristian","family":"Vaccari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Loughborough University, UK"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-14614448231172964","volume-title":"Personal Connections in the Digital Age","author":"Baym NK","year":"2015","edition":"2"},{"key":"bibr2-14614448231172964","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444819893980"},{"key":"bibr3-14614448231172964","volume-title":"The Audience in Everyday Life: Living in a Media World","author":"Bird SE","year":"2003"},{"key":"bibr4-14614448231172964","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/14614448211000314"},{"key":"bibr5-14614448231172964","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcom.12104"},{"key":"bibr6-14614448231172964","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00988593"},{"key":"bibr7-14614448231172964","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.polisci.7.121003.091630"},{"key":"bibr8-14614448231172964","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2056305120913993"},{"key":"bibr9-14614448231172964","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/016344396018002006"},{"key":"bibr10-14614448231172964","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511583391"},{"key":"bibr11-14614448231172964","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcc4.12180"},{"key":"bibr12-14614448231172964","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-2466.2011.01598.x"},{"key":"bibr13-14614448231172964","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/226707"},{"key":"bibr14-14614448231172964","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0093650218819671"},{"key":"bibr15-14614448231172964","volume-title":"Strangers in Their Own Land: Anger and Mourning on the American Right","author":"Hochschild AR","year":"2016"},{"key":"bibr16-14614448231172964","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21670811.2021.1972020"},{"key":"bibr17-14614448231172964","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/8445.001.0001"},{"key":"bibr18-14614448231172964","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03637759909376464"},{"key":"bibr19-14614448231172964","first-page":"2303","volume":"16","author":"Malhotra P","year":"2022","journal-title":"International Journal of Communication"},{"key":"bibr20-14614448231172964","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21670811.2021.1927778"},{"key":"bibr21-14614448231172964","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444819841890"},{"key":"bibr22-14614448231172964","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10510974.2017.1397038"},{"key":"bibr23-14614448231172964","unstructured":"Office of Communications (Ofcom) (2021) Online nation annual report. 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