{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T05:23:16Z","timestamp":1767676996134,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,4]],"date-time":"2023-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691107200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,4]],"date-time":"2023-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691107200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["New Media &amp; Society"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    This study evaluated the intended and unintended effects of Instagram\u2019s content moderation on #coronavirus for both the short- and long-term effects on misinformation and anti-Asian sentiment. We performed manual coding of images (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">N<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20099648), and a series of supervised machine learning methods to classify three waves of comments (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">N<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200922,676) published in 2020 on Instagram. Welch\u2019s\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">F<\/jats:italic>\n                    tests were used to compare misinformation, emotions, toxicity, and identity attack across three time periods. The results showed that hashtag moderation had an intended effect in reducing misinformation, and an unintended effect in reducing anger, fear, toxicity, and identity attack. Images with people of East Asian descent were associated with more anger, fear, toxicity, and identity attack than images with people of other races. Prior to content moderation, misinformation was associated with identity attack. Stigmatization on social media, and content moderation of misinformation and hate speech are discussed.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/14614448231187529","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,4]],"date-time":"2023-08-04T07:52:52Z","timestamp":1691135572000},"page":"931-954","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Effects of #coronavirus content moderation on misinformation and anti-Asian hate on Instagram"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9107-1880","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Traci","family":"Hong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Zilu","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Manyuan","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Boston University, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3197-1366","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yunwen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Southern California, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5004-9492","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiaxi","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Derry","family":"Wijaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Boston University, USA"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","first-page":"54","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2019 conference of the North American chapter of the association for computational linguistics","author":"Akbik A","year":"2019","unstructured":"Akbik A, Bergmann T, Blythe D, et al. (2019) Flair: an easy-to-use framework for state-of-the-art NLP. In: Proceedings of the 2019 conference of the North American chapter of the association for computational linguistics, Minneapolis, MN, 1 June, pp. 54\u201359. Stroudsburg, PA: Association for Computational Linguistics."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_1","unstructured":"Asian American Disinformation Table (2022) Power platforms politics: Asian Americans and disinformation landscape report. Available at: https:\/\/www.asianamdisinfo.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/AsianAmDisinformation_LandscapeReport2022.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/vio.2017.0057"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_1","unstructured":"Bond S (2020) Facebook Youtube warn of more mistakes as machines replace moderators. Available at: https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2020\/03\/31\/820174744\/facebook-youtube-warn-of-more-mistakes-as-machines-replace-moderators"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_1","unstructured":"Carley KM (2020) Center for informed democracy & social-cybersecurity. Available at: https:\/\/www.cmu.edu\/ideas-social-cybersecurity\/research\/coronavirus.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/peps-2020-0045"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2818048.2819963"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_1","unstructured":"Chen T (2020) Instagram is trying to reroute people clicking into the #coronavirus hashtag to more credible sources. Available at: https:\/\/www.buzzfeednews.com\/article\/tanyachen\/instagram-coronavirus-cdc-warning"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/001316446002000104"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/hcomp.v8i1.7461"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.1810.04805."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/009365096023001002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pra2.313"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444818776611"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2053951720943234"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_1","volume-title":"Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity","author":"Goffman E","year":"1963","unstructured":"Goffman E (1963) Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_1","unstructured":"Hanu L Borovec J Thewlis J et al. (2020) Detoxify. Available at: https:\/\/github.com\/unitaryai\/detoxify"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3487351.3488324"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/259266"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2021.306154"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_1","unstructured":"IBM (2019) Toxic comment classifier. Available at: https:\/\/developer.ibm.com\/exchanges\/models\/all\/max-toxic-comment-classifier\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1369118X.2021.1962948"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/109019818401100101"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_1","unstructured":"Jigsaw (2020) Jigsaw multilingual toxic comment classification. Available at: https:\/\/www.kaggle.com\/c\/jigsaw-multilingual-toxic-comment-classification"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1369118X.2020.1760916"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444820933549"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.54501\/jots.v1i1.13"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_1","unstructured":"Kim T Wurster K Jalilov T (2022) Emoji 1.7.0. Available at: https:\/\/pypi.org\/project\/emoji\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijinfomgt.2021.102390"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_1","unstructured":"Koyama S (2022) AAJA announces updated guidance on coverage of anti-AAPI violence. Available at: https:\/\/www.aaja.org\/2022\/03\/10\/aaja-announces-updated-guidance-on-coverage-of-anti-aapi-violence\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1369118X.2020.1759669"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1369118X.2021.1873401"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_1","volume-title":"The Crowd: A Study of the Popular Mind","author":"Le Bon G","year":"1996","unstructured":"Le Bon G (1996 [1895]) The Crowd: A Study of the Popular Mind. Salt Lake City, UT: Project Gutenberg."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13645579.2018.1488449"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_1","unstructured":"Levin B Venolia A (2022) Report to the nation: 2022 preview edition. Available at: https:\/\/www.scribd.com\/document\/556298632\/Report-to-the-Nation-2022-Preview-Hate-crimes-up-46-in-major-American-cities-for-2021"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444821993122"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/icwsm.v16i1.19319"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2201.07726."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.soc.27.1.363"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2084615"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_1","unstructured":"Meta (2020) Keeping people safe and informed about the coronavirus. Available at: https:\/\/about.fb.com\/news\/2020\/12\/coronavirus\/#misinformation-update"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.1708.03696."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/28305"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2005.10200."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1369118X.2022.2032260."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ong J (2021) The contagion of stigmatization: racism and discrimination in the \u201cinfodemic\u201d moment. Social Science Research Council MediaWell. Available at: https:\/\/mediawell.ssrc.org\/research-reviews\/the-contagion-of-stigmatization-racism-and-discrimination-in-the-infodemic-moment\/","DOI":"10.35650\/MD.2076.d.2021"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_48_1","unstructured":"Ong JC Lasco G (2020) The epidemic of racism in news coverage of the coronavirus and the public response. Media@LSE. Available at: https:\/\/blogs.lse.ac.uk\/medialse\/2020\/02\/04\/the-epidemic-of-racism-in-news-coverage-of-the-coronavirus-and-the-public-response\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.37016\/mr-2020-034."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_50_1","unstructured":"Paul K Vengattil M (2020) Facebook removed seven million posts in second quarter for false coronavirus information. Available at: https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-facebook-content\/facebook-removed-seven-million-posts-in-second-quarter-for-false-coronavirus-information-idUSKCN25727M"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/N18-1202"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_52_1","volume-title":"Emotion: A Psychoevolutionary Synthesis","author":"Plutchik R","year":"1980","unstructured":"Plutchik R (1980) Emotion: A Psychoevolutionary Synthesis. New York: Harper & Row."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14792779443000049"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21565503.2020.1769693"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10841806.2020.1782128"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2021.11.095"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_57_1","first-page":"609","volume-title":"Handbook of Personality: Theory and Research","author":"Smith CA","year":"1990","unstructured":"Smith CA, Lazarus RS (1990) Emotion and adaptation. In: Pervin LA (ed.) Handbook of Personality: Theory and Research. New York: The Guilford Press, pp. 609\u2013637."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1369118X.2017.1348535"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118783764.wbieme0091"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3442381.3450024"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajs4.176"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_62_1","unstructured":"The Center for Countering Digital Hate (2021) The disinformation dozen: why platforms must act on twelve leading online anti-vaxxers. Available at: https:\/\/counterhate.com\/research\/the-disinformation-dozen\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vidgen B Botelho A Broniatowski D et al. (2020) Detecting East Asian prejudice on social media. ArXiv Preprint Arxiv:2005.03909. Available at: https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2005.03909","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.alw-1.19"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aap9559"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30737-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/19401612211004418"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_67_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2020) Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) advice for the public: Mythbusters. Available at: https:\/\/www.who.int\/emergencies\/diseases\/novel-coronavirus-2019\/advice-for-public\/myth-busters"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_68_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2022) Infodemic. Available at: https:\/\/www.who.int\/health-topics\/infodemic"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-856x.2006.00247.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3038912.3052591"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2004.12226."}],"container-title":["New Media &amp; Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/14614448231187529","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/14614448231187529","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/14614448231187529","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T02:59:04Z","timestamp":1767668344000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/14614448231187529"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,4]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/14614448231187529"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/14614448231187529","relation":{},"ISSN":["1461-4448","1461-7315"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1461-4448"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1461-7315"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,4]]}}}