{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T23:28:48Z","timestamp":1777937328225,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,29]],"date-time":"2024-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706486400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,29]],"date-time":"2024-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706486400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["New Media &amp; Society"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    It is increasingly common to see policymakers, industry and regulators calling for governance of the \u2018metaverse\u2019 \u2013 often envisioned as a technological stack supported by extended reality (XR) technology. This article reports on a content analysis of calls to govern XR, published between March 2020 and May 2023 (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009181), aiming to understand who is calling for XR governance, what is being governed and why. Findings reveal that XR governance was advanced by government, civil society and industrial stakeholders, and was scoped around four major issues (\u2018privacy\u2019, \u2018safety, equity and inclusion\u2019, \u2018competition\u2019, and \u2018commercialisation\u2019). Governance solutions to emerging XR technologies included a reliance on currently existing laws and regulations, and predominantly, a more anticipatory set of approaches (largely scoped around industrial self-governance, education and best practice) focusing on the media-specific harms and affordances of XR.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/14614448231226172","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,29]],"date-time":"2024-01-29T23:01:58Z","timestamp":1706569318000},"page":"3361-3381","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Who will govern the metaverse? Examining governance initiatives for extended reality (XR) technologies"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7878-7208","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ben","family":"Egliston","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Sydney, Australia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4866-4928","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcus","family":"Carter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Sydney, Australia"}]},{"given":"Kate Euphemia","family":"Clark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Monash University, Australia; The University of Sydney, Australia"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9781400830732.44"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrt.2021.100010"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_1","unstructured":"Baker-White E (2022) Meta Wouldn\u2019t Tell Us How It Enforces Its Rules In VR So We Ran A Test To Find Out. Buzzfeed. Available at: https:\/\/www.buzzfeednews.com\/article\/emilybakerwhite\/meta-facebook-horizon-vr-content-rules-test"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_1","volume-title":"The Metaverse and How It Will Revolutionize Everything","author":"Ball M","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ball M (2022) The Metaverse and How It Will Revolutionize Everything. New York: Liveright Publishing."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3351095.3372860"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3359202"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_1","unstructured":"Bundeskartellamt (2019) Bundeskartellamt prohibits Facebook from combining user data from different sources. Available at: https:\/\/www.bundeskartellamt.de\/SharedDocs\/Meldung\/EN\/Pressemitteilungen\/2019\/07_02_2019_Facebook.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/14673.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_1","volume-title":"Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design: Choosing Among Five Approaches","author":"Creswell J","year":"2007","unstructured":"Creswell J (2007) Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design: Choosing Among Five Approaches. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/23299460.2016.1231396"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14763\/2021.4.1610"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444820960411"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/13548565211072342"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/14614448221119785"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/14614448231158614"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1329878X211041670"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_1","volume-title":"Regulating Platforms","author":"Flew T","year":"2021","unstructured":"Flew T (2021) Regulating Platforms. Cambridge: Polity Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/20563051221144315"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09502386.2022.2042582"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14763\/2019.2.1407"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1369118X.2019.1573914"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14763\/2021.2.1557"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00027649921955344"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/20539517221112925"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/13548565221122911"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_4_27_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Watching androids dream of electric sheep: immersive technology, biometric psychography, and the law","volume":"23","author":"Heller B","year":"2020","unstructured":"Heller B (2020) Watching androids dream of electric sheep: immersive technology, biometric psychography, and the law. Vanderbilt Journal of Entertainment and Technology Law 23(1): 1.","journal-title":"Vanderbilt Journal of Entertainment and Technology Law"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.54501\/jots.v1i1.21"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7208\/chicago\/9780226276663.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_1","unstructured":"Lecher C (2019) Microsoft workers\u2019 letter demands company drop army HoloLens contract. Available at: https:\/\/www.theverge.com\/2019\/2\/22\/18236116\/microsoft-hololens-army-contract-workers-letter"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_1","unstructured":"Cortese M Outlaw J(2021) The IEEE global initiative on ethics of extended reality (XR) report\u2013social and multi-user spaces in VR: trolling harassment and online safety. Available at: https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/stamp\/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=9650825"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_1","volume-title":"Imagining the Internet: Communication, Innovation, and Governance","author":"Mansell R","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mansell R (2012) Imagining the Internet: Communication, Innovation, and Governance. Oxford: Oxford University Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13347-023-00613-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_34_1","first-page":"136","volume-title":"Locative Media","author":"Meese J","year":"2014","unstructured":"Meese J (2014) Google glass and Australian privacy law: regulating the future of locative media. In: Wilken R, Goggin G (eds) Locative Media. New York: Routledge, pp. 136\u2013147."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-74486-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11569-007-0007-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/23299460.2014.882064"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118551424.ch2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_39_1","volume-title":"Augmented Reality","author":"Pesce M","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pesce M (2020) Augmented Reality. Cambridge: Polity Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09505431.2021.1990875"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_41_1","first-page":"154","article-title":"Understanding safety risks and safety design in social VR environments","volume":"7","author":"Qingxiao Z","year":"2023","unstructured":"Qingxiao Z, Xu S, Wang L, et al. (2023) Understanding safety risks and safety design in social VR environments. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 7: 154.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_42_1","volume-title":"Content Analysis, Qualitative","author":"Schreier M","year":"2020","unstructured":"Schreier M (2020) Content Analysis, Qualitative. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7146\/psj.v2i.134656"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/jaas.2020.0033"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_45_1","unstructured":"Trimananda R Le H Cui H et al. (2022) OVRseen: auditing network traffic and privacy policies in Oculus VR. Available at: https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2106.05407"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11569-021-00408-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-lawsocsci-020223-040749"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_48_1","volume-title":"Augmented Reality Law, Privacy, and Ethics: Law, Society, and Emerging AR Technologies","author":"Wassom B","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wassom B (2014) Augmented Reality Law, Privacy, and Ethics: Law, Society, and Emerging AR Technologies. Waltham, MA: Syngress."},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_4_49_1","first-page":"121","article-title":"Do artifacts have politics?","volume":"109","author":"Winner L","year":"1980","unstructured":"Winner L (1980) Do artifacts have politics? Daedelus 109(1): 121\u2013136.","journal-title":"Daedelus"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11023-022-09613-x"}],"container-title":["New Media &amp; Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/14614448231226172","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/14614448231226172","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/14614448231226172","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T04:00:43Z","timestamp":1777694443000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/14614448231226172"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,29]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/14614448231226172"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/14614448231226172","relation":{},"ISSN":["1461-4448","1461-7315"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1461-4448","type":"print"},{"value":"1461-7315","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,29]]}}}