{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T18:03:35Z","timestamp":1782410615643,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,23]],"date-time":"2024-02-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708646400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,23]],"date-time":"2024-02-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708646400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002341","name":"Academy of Finland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["339931"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["339931"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002341","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["New Media &amp; Society"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This research investigates the dynamics of COVID-19 misinformation spread on Twitter within the unique context of Finland. Employing cutting-edge methodologies including text classification, topic modeling, social network analysis, and correspondence analysis (CA), the study analyzes 1.6 million Finnish tweets from December 2019 to October 2022. Misinformation tweets are identified through text classification and grouped into topics using BERTopic modeling. Applying the Leiden algorithm, the analysis uncovers retweet and mention networks, delineating distinct communities within each. CA determines these communities\u2019 topical focuses, revealing how various groups prioritized different misinformation narratives throughout the pandemic. The findings demonstrate that influential, diverse communities introduce new misinformation, which then spreads to niche groups. This agenda-setting effect is amplified by social media algorithms optimized for engagement. The results provide valuable insights into how online communities shape public discourse during crises through the strategic dissemination of misinformation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/14614448241232079","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,23]],"date-time":"2024-02-23T07:29:56Z","timestamp":1708673396000},"page":"3973-3997","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Setting the misinformation agenda: Modeling COVID-19 narratives in Twitter communities"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0140-7761","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali","family":"Unlu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Finland; Aalto University, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sophie","family":"Truong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nitin","family":"Sawhney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aalto University, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tuukka","family":"Tammi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1140\/epjds\/s13688-014-0012-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaa1160"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0003055419000352"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.03272"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2018.304567"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_7_1","unstructured":"Bruns H Dessart FJ Pantazi M (2022) Covid-19 Misinformation: Preparing for Future Crises\u202f: An Overview of the Early Behavioural Sciences Literature (EUR 31139 EN). Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. Available at: https:\/\/data.europa.eu\/doi\/10.2760\/41905 (accessed 23 May 2023)."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21548455.2023.2185829."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3916\/C69-2021-02"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-73510-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1517441113"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_12_1","unstructured":"Devlin J Chang M-W Lee K et al. (2018) BERT: pre-training of deep bidirectional transformers for language understanding. CORR abs\/1810.04805. Available at: https:\/\/aclanthology.org\/N19-1423.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_13_1","first-page":"38","article-title":"Up and down with ecology: the issue-attention cycle","volume":"28","author":"Downs A","year":"1972","unstructured":"Downs A (1972) Up and down with ecology: the issue-attention cycle. The Public 28: 38\u201350.","journal-title":"The Public"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fsoc.2022.886498"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0894439320951766"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2004.09531."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/14614448211011451"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/20563051211044233"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.122653799"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wics.114"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2203.05794."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08838151.2012.732148"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_23_1","first-page":"112","volume-title":"Agenda Setting in a 2.0 World","author":"Guo L","year":"2013","unstructured":"Guo L (2013) Toward the third level of agenda-setting theory: a network agenda setting model 1 2. In: Johnson TJ (ed.) Agenda Setting in a 2.0 World. New York: Routledge, pp. 112\u2013133."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_24_1","unstructured":"Guo L Vu HT McCombs ME (2012) An expanded perspective on agenda-setting effects: exploring the third level of agenda setting. Revista de Comunicaci\u00f3n. Available at: https:\/\/revistadecomunicacion.com\/pdf\/2012\/Art051-068.pdf (accessed 11 June 2023)."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5964\/jspp.v1i1.96"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.osnem.2020.100114"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/14614448221099591"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_28_1","unstructured":"Kassambara A (2017) Practical guide to principal component methods in R: PCA M(CA) FAMD MFA HCPC factoextra. STHDA. Available at: http:\/\/www.sthda.com\/english\/wiki\/practical-guide-to-principal-component-methods-in-r"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_5_29_1","first-page":"187","article-title":"The transformation of the web: how emerging communities shape the information we consume","volume":"12","author":"Kolbitsch J","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kolbitsch J, Maurer H (2006) The transformation of the web: how emerging communities shape the information we consume. Journal of Universal Computer Science 12(2): 187\u2013213.","journal-title":"Journal of Universal Computer Science"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_30_1","article-title":"Coronavirus goes viral: quantifying the COVID-19 misinformation epidemic on Twitter","volume":"12","author":"Kouzy R","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kouzy R, Abi Jaoude J, Kraitem A, et al. (2020) Coronavirus goes viral: quantifying the COVID-19 misinformation epidemic on Twitter. Cureus 12: e7255.","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/ARXIV.1004.3539."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_32_1","volume-title":"Public Opinion","author":"Lippmann W","year":"1922","unstructured":"Lippmann W (1922) Public Opinion. New York: Harcourt, Brace & Company."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.954576"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_34_1","unstructured":"McCombs M (2002) The agenda-setting role of the mass media in the shaping of public opinion. In: Mass media economics 2002 conference London school of economics. Available at: https:\/\/www.infoamerica.org\/documentos_pdf\/mccombs01.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_35_1","volume-title":"Setting the Agenda: The Mass Media and Public Opinion","author":"McCombs ME","year":"2014","unstructured":"McCombs ME (2014) Setting the Agenda: The Mass Media and Public Opinion. 2nd ed. Cambridge; Malden, MA: Polity Press.","edition":"2"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_36_1","unstructured":"Memon SA Carley KM (2020) Characterizing COVID-19 misinformation communities using a novel Twitter dataset. CORR abs\/2008.00791. Available at: https:\/\/ceur-ws.org\/Vol-2699\/paper40.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0093650212466406"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/20563051211043212"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2021.649930"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ozer M Kim N Davulcu H (2016) Community detection in political Twitter networks using nonnegative matrix factorization methods. In: 2016 IEEE\/ACM international conference on advances in social networks analysis and mining (ASONAM) San Francisco CA 18\u201321 August pp. 81\u201388. New York: IEEE. Available at: http:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/7752217\/ (accessed 20 June 2023).","DOI":"10.1109\/ASONAM.2016.7752217"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-10070-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pontoh AK (2022) Intermedia agenda setting in covid-19 vaccine digital networks. International Conference on Emerging Media & Communication 31: 469\u2013482. Available at: https:\/\/www.europeanproceedings.com\/article\/10.15405\/epsbs.2022.01.02.39 (accessed 14 July 2023).","DOI":"10.15405\/epsbs.2022.01.02.39"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_3_5_43_1","first-page":"1082","article-title":"Communities in networks","volume":"56","author":"Porter MA","year":"2009","unstructured":"Porter MA, Onnela J-P, Mucha PJ (2009) Communities in networks. Notices of the AMS 56(9): 1082\u20131097.","journal-title":"Notices of the AMS"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/30971"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10410236.2018.1536955"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/cem.2020.361"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/S021964922050032X"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-62085-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/socsci11120556"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sousa D Sarmento L Mendes Rodrigues E (2010) Characterization of the twitter @replies network: are user ties social or topical? In: Proceedings of the 2nd international workshop on search and mining user-generated contents Toronto ON Canada 30 October pp. 63\u201370. New York: ACM. Available at: https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/1871985.1871996 (accessed 14 July 2023).","DOI":"10.1145\/1871985.1871996"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s41109-020-00272-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/17187"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/34321"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/19659"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/14614448211045666"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-41695-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/50199"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_58_1","author":"Unlu A.","year":"2024","unstructured":"Unlu A., Lac T., Sawhney N., Tammi T. (2024) Unveiling the Veiled Threat: The Impact of Bots on COVID-19 Health Communication.","journal-title":"Unveiling the Veiled Threat: The Impact of Bots on COVID-19 Health Communication"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_59_1","article-title":"Assessing the Social Amplification Risk of COVID-19 communication: A Multi-Method Study using NLP and Social Network Analysis. Crisis","author":"Unlu A.","year":"2024","unstructured":"Unlu A., Lac T., Sawhney N., Sivela J., Tammi T. (2024) Assessing the Social Amplification Risk of COVID-19 communication: A Multi-Method Study using NLP and Social Network Analysis. Crisis. Computational Social Science.","journal-title":"Computational Social Science"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Unlu A. Lac T. Sawhney N. Sivela J. Tammi T. (2024) Tracing the Dynamics of Misinformation and Vaccine Hesitancy in Finland amid COVID-19.","DOI":"10.1080\/1369118X.2024.2331756"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_61_1","first-page":"1890","article-title":"Intermedia agenda-setting in a policy reform debate","volume":"13","author":"Van Den Heijkant L","year":"2019","unstructured":"Van Den Heijkant L, Van Selm M, Hellsten I, et al. (2019) Intermedia agenda-setting in a policy reform debate. International Journal of Communication 13: 1890\u20131912.","journal-title":"International Journal of Communication"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1077699016679976"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444817712086"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_64_1","unstructured":"Virtanen A Kanerva J Ilo R et al. (2019) Multilingual is not enough: BERT for Finnish. arXiv [preprint]. Available at: http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1912.07076 (accessed 17 January 2023)."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10410236.2020.1794553"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/01968599221105099"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192416376"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_68_1","unstructured":"WHO (2021) WHO Public Health Research Agenda for Managing Infodemics. Geneva: World Health Organization. Available at: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789240019508 (accessed 27 January 2023)."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10510974.2019.1661866"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01463373.2021.1951789"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10510974.2022.2082504"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01292986.2016.1231209"}],"container-title":["New Media &amp; Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/14614448241232079","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/14614448241232079","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/14614448241232079","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T04:00:55Z","timestamp":1777694455000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/14614448241232079"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,23]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/14614448241232079"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/14614448241232079","relation":{},"ISSN":["1461-4448","1461-7315"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1461-4448","type":"print"},{"value":"1461-7315","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,23]]}}}