{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T05:49:06Z","timestamp":1773899346168,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,30]],"date-time":"2024-08-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724976000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,30]],"date-time":"2024-08-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724976000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["New Media &amp; Society"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This article examines \u2018feminist chatbots\u2019 as tools for activism through automation. Such bots aim to engage users in automated communication on feminist concerns. The article starts from the assumption that chatbots, like all technologies, have politics and that automation, including the automated communication of chatbots, is a feminist issue. We investigate how feminist chatbots mobilise automation to address societal inequalities and bias. Conceptually, the article draws on technofeminism and intersectionality as lenses for understanding the potential of chatbots to reflect activist concerns. Three different chatbots are analysed, using a cultural (case) studies approach: F\u2019xa, Gender Pay Gap Bot and Bet\u00e2nia. The analysis suggests that feminist chatbots oppose mainstream automation by engaging users in communication about its sociotechnical risks and using automation to inspire feminist (data) activism. Yet challenges remain in designing such bots, partly because of platform dependencies and the limits of automating complex intersectional issues.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/14614448241251801","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,30]],"date-time":"2024-08-30T04:28:17Z","timestamp":1724992097000},"page":"4973-4991","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Feminist automation: Can bots have feminist politics?"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8467-1084","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annika","family":"Richterich","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Maastricht University, The Netherlands"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6663-1591","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sally","family":"Wyatt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maastricht University, The Netherlands"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/9014.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0141778919879744"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_1","first-page":"37","volume-title":"Global Digital Cultures: Perspectives from South Asia","author":"Arora P","year":"2019","unstructured":"Arora P (2019) Politics of algorithms, Indian citizenship, and the colonial legacy. In: Punathambekar A, Mohan AP (eds) Global Digital Cultures: Perspectives from South Asia. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, pp. 37\u201352."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1215\/9781478004455"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctvs09qqf"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaz3873"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_1","volume-title":"Race After Technology","author":"Benjamin R","year":"2019","unstructured":"Benjamin R (2019b) Race After Technology. Boston, MA: Polity Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14361\/dcs-2017-0103"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781003122388"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780192889898.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_1","first-page":"77","volume-title":"Conference on fairness, accountability and transparency","author":"Buolamwini J","year":"2018","unstructured":"Buolamwini J, Gebru T (2018) Gender shades: intersectional accuracy disparities in commercial gender classification. In: Conference on fairness, accountability and transparency, Seoul, South Korea, 23\u201324 February, pp. 77\u201391. New York: PMLR."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_1","unstructured":"Calado C (2018) Beta Feminista \u2014 Uma entrevista com o time respons\u00e1vel pela cria\u00e7\u00e3o do bot feminist. Medium 20 February. Available at: https:\/\/medium.com\/botsbrasil\/beta-feminista-uma-entrevista-com-o-time-respons%C3%A1vel-pela-cria%C3%A7%C3%A3o-do-bot-feminista-bba17-6c3fa285e41 (accessed 20 February 2023)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/669608"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0038026120954785"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_1","volume-title":"Intersectionality","author":"Collins PH","year":"2020","unstructured":"Collins PH, Bilge S (2020) Intersectionality. Cambridge: Polity Press."},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_3_4_17_1","first-page":"139","article-title":"Demarginalizing the intersection of race and sex: a black feminist critique of antidiscrimination doctrine, feminist theory, and antiracist politics","volume":"1","author":"Crenshaw KW","year":"1989","unstructured":"Crenshaw KW (1989) Demarginalizing the intersection of race and sex: a black feminist critique of antidiscrimination doctrine, feminist theory, and antiracist politics. University of Chicago Legal Forum 1(8): 139\u2013167.","journal-title":"University of Chicago Legal Forum"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_1","volume-title":"On Intersectionality: Essential Writings","author":"Crenshaw KW","year":"2017","unstructured":"Crenshaw KW (2017) On Intersectionality: Essential Writings. New York: The New Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compcom.2018.11.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/01634437221119021"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_1","volume-title":"Data Feminism","author":"D\u2019Ignazio C","year":"2023","unstructured":"D\u2019Ignazio C, Klein LF (2023) Data Feminism. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01972243.2014.875770"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444816688457"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11648\/j.ajtas.20160501.11"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-5395(00)00166-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_1","unstructured":"Feminist Internet (2017) Personal intelligent assistant standards. Available at: https:\/\/drive.google.com\/file\/d\/1J6mMeZxwlOLhxFirIphoJBrOFyZiV6m_\/view (accessed 23 February 2023)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/14614448221128523."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_1","volume-title":"The Gender-Technology Relation: Contemporary Theory and Research","author":"Grint K","year":"1995","unstructured":"Grint K, Gill R (eds) (1995) The Gender-Technology Relation: Contemporary Theory and Research. London and Bristol: Taylor & Francis."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_1","volume-title":"Programmed Inequality","author":"Hicks M","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hicks M (2017) Programmed Inequality. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08838151.2020.1834297"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-83734-1_6"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/14614448221099587."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.13169\/workorgalaboglob.16.1.0014"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/s41301-017-0137-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0011392102050003008"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781003170884-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/14614448221128827."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/14614448221142007."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_39_1","first-page":"50","article-title":"Which politics for which artifacts?","volume":"171","author":"Latour B","year":"2004","unstructured":"Latour B (2004) Which politics for which artifacts? Domus 171: 50\u201351.","journal-title":"Domus"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2053951718821146"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_41_1","unstructured":"Marcus D (2016) Messenger platform at F8. Meta\/Facebook 12 April. Available at: https:\/\/about.fb.com\/news\/2016\/04\/messenger-platform-at-f8 (accessed 23 February 2023)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0361684316641090"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15710882.2021.2021243"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1527476419837739"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14361\/dcs-2016-0205"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_46_1","unstructured":"Molnar P Gill L (2018) Bots at the gate. Citizenlab. Available at: https:\/\/citizenlab.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/IHRP-Automated-Systems-Report-Web-V2.pdf (accessed 23 February 2023)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444818800242"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/fr.2008.4"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_49_1","first-page":"4915","article-title":"Talking to bots: symbiotic agency and the case of Tay","volume":"10","author":"Neff G","year":"2016","unstructured":"Neff G, Nagy P (2016) Talking to bots: symbiotic agency and the case of Tay. International Journal of Communication 10: 4915\u20134931.","journal-title":"International Journal of Communication"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18574\/nyu\/9781479833641.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-09823-9_6"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_52_1","volume-title":"Qualitative Evaluation and Research Methods","author":"Patton M","year":"1990","unstructured":"Patton M (1990) Qualitative Evaluation and Research Methods. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_53_1","volume-title":"Qualitative Research and Evaluation Methods: Integrating Theory and Practice","author":"Patton MQ","year":"2014","unstructured":"Patton MQ (2014) Qualitative Research and Evaluation Methods: Integrating Theory and Practice. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.28968\/cftt.v5i1.29586"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01442872.2020.1723519"},{"issue":"22","key":"e_1_3_4_56_1","first-page":"1141","article-title":"Whose robot is it anyway? Liability for artificial-intelligence-based robots","volume":"14","author":"Rachum-Twaig O","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rachum-Twaig O (2020) Whose robot is it anyway? Liability for artificial-intelligence-based robots. University of Illinois Law Review 14(22): 1141\u20131173.","journal-title":"University of Illinois Law Review"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_57_1","first-page":"202","volume-title":"Compromised Data: New Paradigms in Social Media Theory and Methods","author":"Renzi A","year":"2015","unstructured":"Renzi A, Langlois G (2015) Data activism. In: Elmer G (ed.) Compromised Data: New Paradigms in Social Media Theory and Methods. London: Bloomsbury, pp. 202\u2013225."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17439884.2021.2018604"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/25006"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0040-1625(96)00180-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444816629469"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3491101.3519870"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444816636090"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14763\/2021.4.1589"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11199-008-9501-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2020.103862"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/14614448221150776"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14680777.2020.1783802"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_69_1","unstructured":"Van Herck S (2021) Re\/constructing computing experiences. From \u2018punch girls\u2019 in the 1940s to \u2018computer boys\u2019 in the 1980s. PhD Thesis University of Luxembourg Esch-sur-Alzette. Available at: http:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/10993\/50375 (accessed 10 February 2023)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/715227"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_71_1","volume-title":"Technofeminism","author":"Wajcman J","year":"2004","unstructured":"Wajcman J (2004) Technofeminism. Cambridge: Polity Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10301763.2006.10669327"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_73_1","first-page":"263","volume-title":"Handbook of Gender, Work and Organization","author":"Wajcman J","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wajcman J (2011) Gender and work: a technofeminist analysis. In: Jeanes E, Knights D, Martin P (eds) Handbook of Gender, Work and Organization. Hoboken, NY: Wiley, pp. 263\u2013275."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315843971"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14680777.2015.1008744"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_4_76_1","first-page":"121","article-title":"Do artifacts have politics?","volume":"109","author":"Winner L","year":"1980","unstructured":"Winner L (1980) Do artifacts have politics? Daedalus 109(1): 121\u2013136.","journal-title":"Daedalus"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/14614448211072307"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13691180701859065"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2057047320950636"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_80_1","unstructured":"Yerushalmy J (2023) \u2018I want to destroy whatever I want\u2019: Bing\u2019s AI chatbot unsettles US reporter. The Guardian 17 February. Available at: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/technology\/2023\/feb\/17\/i-want-to-destroy-whatever-i-want-bings-ai-chatbot-unsettles-us-reporter (accessed 23 February 2023)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_81_1","unstructured":"Young J (2017) Designing feminist chatbots. Available at: https:\/\/drive.google.com\/file\/d\/0B036SlUSi-z4UkkzYUVGTGdocXc\/view?resourcekey=0-DS-Lj4uCk2VHf1cuogGNfg (accessed 23 February 2023)."}],"container-title":["New Media &amp; Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/14614448241251801","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/14614448241251801","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/14614448241251801","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T03:14:08Z","timestamp":1767669248000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/14614448241251801"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,30]]},"references-count":80,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/14614448241251801"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/14614448241251801","relation":{},"ISSN":["1461-4448","1461-7315"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1461-4448","type":"print"},{"value":"1461-7315","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,30]]}}}