{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T23:29:24Z","timestamp":1777937364485,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,23]],"date-time":"2024-11-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732320000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,23]],"date-time":"2024-11-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732320000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["New Media &amp; Society"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This article explores how the influencer and traditional entertainment industries are converging in the \u201cchild idol\u201d phenomenon\u2014a celebrity genre and system that had existed prior to the emergence of the influencer industry but has now been remixed with the influencer industry\u2019s convention and refashioned as the stepping stone to lubricate children\u2019s journeys toward professional idol careers in the wake of K-pop culture. We examine the \u201cchild idol\u201d phenomenon as a case study wherein children perform as a younger version of K-pop idols under entertainment agencies\u2019 in-house training systems, with calibrated construction of social media personae by influencer agencies and their parents. Despite ongoing attempts to protect children in the industry, undertaken by the Korean government and human rights organizations, the exploitative environment of child stars becomes even more serious as it becomes a template adopted by other countries emulating the success of K-pop.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/14614448241295718","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,23]],"date-time":"2024-11-23T05:46:48Z","timestamp":1732340808000},"page":"630-651","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Child idols in South Korea and beyond: Manufacturing young stars at the intersection of the K-pop and influencer industries"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5698-5561","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jin","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Curtin University, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4065-4725","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tama","family":"Leaver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Curtin University, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Crystal","family":"Abidin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Curtin University, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","unstructured":"@jenn_soo (2022) Kinda sad:\/ idols that debuted way too soon. TikTok. Available at: https:\/\/www.tiktok.com\/@jenn_soo\/video\/7052721725875752197?q=k-pop%20idols%20too%20young&t=1677677845361"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_3_3_1","article-title":"#familygoals: family influencers, calibrated amateurism, and justifying young digital labor","volume":"3","author":"Abidin C","year":"2017","unstructured":"Abidin C (2017) #familygoals: family influencers, calibrated amateurism, and justifying young digital labor. Social Media+ Society 3(2): 2056305117707191.","journal-title":"Social Media+ Society"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/9781787560765"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781351004107-21"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_1","unstructured":"Abidin C Lee J (2022) Social justice through social media pop cultures: case studies and reading resources on influencers and TikTok. Tiktok Cultures Research Network. Available at: https:\/\/tiktokcultures.com\/socialjustice2022\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1329878X231186445"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_1","unstructured":"ACOPIA (n.d.) Asia hope camp organization: home. ACOPIA. Available at: https:\/\/www.acopia-world.com\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/09075682221129367"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctt1tm7fbd"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_1","volume-title":"Why? Because We Still Like You: An Oral History of the Mickey Mouse Club(R)","author":"Armstrong J","year":"2010","unstructured":"Armstrong J (2010) Why? Because We Still Like You: An Oral History of the Mickey Mouse Club(R). New York: Hachette Book Group."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_1","unstructured":"BABYMONSTER (2023) BABYMONSTER\u2013introducing RORA. YouTube. Available at: https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=nVqUHk3GSbY"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_1","unstructured":"Benjamin J (2022) Meet NewJeans: HYBE\u2019s global breakout girl group where \u201ceverything was riding on secrecy.\u201d Billboard 20 September. Available at: https:\/\/www.billboard.com\/music\/pop\/newjeans-interview-hybe-ador-girl-group-min-hee-jin-1235141512\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_1","unstructured":"Business Wire (2020) SM institute selects advantages digital learning solutions to provide virtual learning for future K-pop artists. Business Wire 5 November. Available at: https:\/\/www.businesswire.com\/news\/home\/20201105006272\/en\/SM-Institute-Selects-Advantages-Digital-Learning-Solutions-to-Provide-Virtual-Learning-for-Future-K-pop-Artists"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_1","unstructured":"Carpio J (2021) K\u2014pop\u2019s \u201cmagic formula\u201d explained: idol groups like BTS Blackpink Twice and Exo all have a leader maknae and \u2018visual\u2019\u2014so who does what and what do these roles really mean? South China Morning Post 29 March. Available at: https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/magazines\/style\/celebrity\/article\/3127391\/k-pops-magic-formula-explained-idol-groups-bts-blackpink?module=perpetual_scroll_0&pgtype=article&campaign=3127391"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_1","unstructured":"Cho A (2020) \ud55c\uad6d \ub5a0\ub09c \uc911\uad6d\uacc4 \uc544\uc774\ub3cc \uc5bc\ub9c8\ub098 \ubc8c\uc5c8\uc744\uae4c.\u2004.\u2004.\u2019\uc785\uc774 \ub5a1\u2019 [Chinese idols who left Korea how much did they earn.\u2004.\u2004.\u2018jaw dropping\u2019]. Hankook Kyungje 14 November. Available at: https:\/\/www.hankyung.com\/it\/article\/202011138818g"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_1","unstructured":"Cho S (2022) NewJeans becomes 1st K-pop group to make various Spotify charts with a debut track. Soompi 10 September. Available at: https:\/\/www.soompi.com\/article\/1544574wpp\/newjeans-becomes-1st-k-pop-group-to-make-various-spotify-charts-with-a-debut-track"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07294360.2012.673165"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_1","volume-title":"Gender, Labor, and the Commodification of Intimacy in K-Pop","author":"Choi SJ","year":"2020","unstructured":"Choi SJ (2020) Gender, Labor, and the Commodification of Intimacy in K-Pop. Santa Barbara, CA: University of California, Santa Barbara."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1525\/si.2003.26.4.553"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_1","unstructured":"ClevrTV (2022) Introduce Chaemin\u2019s boyfriend! A Vlog of her first date with her boyfriend in a long while! YouTube. Available at: https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=aFMRaZOEj5U"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_1","unstructured":"Collins K (2022) Child influencers child labor: why regulation could be coming. CNET 8 August. Available at: https:\/\/www.cnet.com\/news\/politics\/child-influencers-child-labor-why-regulation-could-be-coming\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_1","unstructured":"Convention on the Rights of the Child (2021) General comment No 25 (2021) on children\u2019s rights in relation to the digital environment no. CRC\/C\/GC\/25. United Nations. Available at: https:\/\/www.right-to-education.org\/sites\/right-to-education.org\/files\/resource-attachments\/UN_CRC_General%20comment%20No.%2025%20%282021%29%20on%20children%E2%80%99s%20rights%20in%20relation%20to%20the%20digital%20environment_En.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_1","unstructured":"DatJoeDoe (2017) 9 idols who went successfully solo. SBS 6 October. Available at: https:\/\/www.sbs.com.au\/popasia\/blog\/2017\/10\/05\/9-idols-who-went-successfully-solo&cd=52&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=au"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_1","unstructured":"De Souza N (2018) Idols in South Korea and Japan. The Interpreter 6 August. Available at: https:\/\/www.lowyinstitute.org\/the-interpreter\/idols-south-korea-japan"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_1","unstructured":"Felix (2022) Top 10 remarkable facts about Lai Kuan-Lin. In: Discover Walks Blog. Available at: https:\/\/www.discoverwalks.com\/blog\/taiwan\/top-10-remarkable-facts-about-lai-kuan-lin\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/9781137283788"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_1","unstructured":"halves-in-unison (2013) A look into Sunye\u2019s life: from childhood to now. Soompi. Available at: https:\/\/www.soompi.com\/article\/469719wpp\/a-look-into-sunyes-life-from-childhood-to-now (accessed 2023)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_1","unstructured":"Ham S (2021) 1\ud68c\uc6a9? \uac11\uc790\uae30 \uc0ac\ub77c\uc9c0\ub294 \uac78\uadf8\ub8f9 \ube44\ud558\uc778\ub4dc \uc2a4\ud1a0\ub9ac [One-time use? Behind story of girl groups who just disappear]. Ilyo Sisa 3 September. Available at: https:\/\/ilyosisa.co.kr\/mobile\/article.html?no=231312"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_1","unstructured":"Han S (2022) \u201c\uc5b4\uc378\ud558\uc740\u201d \ub098\ud558\uc740 SM \uc5d4\ud130 \uc544\uc774\ub3cc \uc5f0\uc2b5\uc0dd?.\u2004.\u2004.\uc720\ud29c\ube0c 3\uac1c\uc6d4\uac04 \uc5c5\ub85c\ub4dc\u7121. [\u2018Na Haeun from Awesome Haeun joins SM? No update on her YouTube over the last three months]. Topstarnews 18 April. Available at: https:\/\/www.topstarnews.net\/news\/articleView.html?idxno=14685698"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_1","unstructured":"HiP Wiki (n.d.) Hello! Project kids. Available at: https:\/\/helloproject.fandom.com\/wiki\/Hello!_Project_Kids#:~:text=Project%20Kids%20(%E3%83%8F%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%EF%BC%81 30%2C%202002%20episode%20of%20Hello! (accessed 30 January)."},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_3_32_1","first-page":"471","article-title":"Fuel for South Korea\u2019s \u2018global dreams factory\u2019: the desires of parents whose children dream of becoming K-pop stars","volume":"43","author":"Ho SL","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ho SL (2012) Fuel for South Korea\u2019s \u2018global dreams factory\u2019: the desires of parents whose children dream of becoming K-pop stars. Korea Observer 43(3): 471\u2013502.","journal-title":"Korea Observer"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00332747.1956.11023049"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_1","unstructured":"Hyun H Choi H (2020) \ub370\ubdd4 \ube44\uc728 1%\ubbf8\ub9cc.\u2004.\u2004.K\ud31d \uc5f0\uc2b5\uc0dd \uc0b6 \ub540\uc740 \ub208\ubb3c\uc774\uc5c8\ub2e4. [Debut rate less than 1%.\u2004.\u2004. K-pop trainee\u2019s life and sweat was all tears]. Sports Today 7 August. Available at: https:\/\/news.nate.com\/view\/20200807n11399"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_1","unstructured":"Jcast News (2017) \u30d5\u30b8\u306e\u53e4\u8218\u756a\u7d44\u306b6\u6b73\u5973\u5150\u304c\u30b7\u30e7\u30c3\u30af\u300c\u306a\u3093\u3067\u5618\u3092\u300d\u300c\u653e\u9001\u898b\u3066\u6ce3\u304d\u5d29\u308c\u305f\u300d[6-year-old girl shocked by Fuji\u2019s Furutachi show \u201cwhy did you lie?\u201d \u201cshe cried after watching it\u201d] 18 January. Available at: https:\/\/www.j-cast.com\/2017\/01\/18288429.html?p=all"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_1","unstructured":"Jeon M (2018) \u201c\uc6b0\ub9ac \uc560\ub294 \uc774\ub984\ub3c4 \u2018\uac15\ud0c0\u2019\uc608\uc694~\u201d [I even named my son \u201cKangta\u201d after H.O.T\u201d]. Joongang Ilbo 31 October. Available at: https:\/\/www.joongang.co.kr\/article\/23082517#home"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_1","first-page":"40","article-title":"Comparative discourse on J-pop and K-pop: Hybridity in contemporary local Music","volume":"60","author":"Jin DY","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jin DY (2020) Comparative discourse on J-pop and K-pop: Hybridity in contemporary local Music. Korea Journal 60(1): 40\u201370.","journal-title":"Korea Journal"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_1","unstructured":"Kang S-W (2019) \uce58\uc5f4\ud55c \u201c\uc5f0\uc2b5\uc0dd \uc785\uc2dc\u201d \uc138\uacc4.\u2004.\u2004.14\uc0b4\uc740 \ub2a6\uc5c8\uc5b4\uc694\u201d [Competitive world of \u2018trainee entrance exam\u2019.\u2004.\u2004.\u201d14 y.o. is too late\u201d]. Seoul Economy 23 May. Available at: https:\/\/www.sedaily.com\/NewsView\/1VJ9474B2O"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_1","unstructured":"KCC (2020a) \ubc29\uc1a1\ucd9c\uc5f0 \uc544\ub3d9\u00b7\uccad\uc18c\ub144\uc758 \uad8c\uc775\ubcf4\ud638\ub97c \uc704\ud55c \ud45c\uc900\uc81c\uc791 \uac00\uc774\ub4dc\ub77c\uc778 [A standard production guideline to protect rights of children and adolescents in broadcasting]. Available at: https:\/\/kcc.go.kr\/user.do; jsessionid=DGbC8qpqKPBtNby5mgMpOxkaPZvX06AiIW6x2LO9.servlet-aihgcldhome10?mode=view&page=A02030700&dc=&boardId=1099&cp=1&boardSeq=50391"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_1","unstructured":"KCC (2020b) \uc778\ud130\ub137\uac1c\uc778\ubc29\uc1a1 \ucd9c\uc5f0 \uc544\ub3d9\u00b7\uccad\uc18c\ub144 \ubcf4\ud638 \uc9c0\uce68 [A guideline to protect children and adolescents in personal internet broadcasting]. Available at: https:\/\/kcc.go.kr\/wasimages\/viewer\/skin\/doc.html?fn=file41653.hwp&rs=\/wasimages\/viewer\/result\/202010\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315720432-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20879\/kjjcs.2021.65.2.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5040\/9781666993042"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_3_44_1","first-page":"5","article-title":"\uc8fc\ubd80 \ud30c\uc6cc\ube14\ub85c\uadf8 \uc5f0\uad6c: \ube14\ub85c\uae45\uc744 \ud1b5\ud55c \uc758\uacac \uc9c0\ub3c4\uc790\uc131\uc758 \ubc1c\ud604","volume":"29","author":"Kim J","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kim J (2014) \uc8fc\ubd80 \ud30c\uc6cc\ube14\ub85c\uadf8 \uc5f0\uad6c: \ube14\ub85c\uae45\uc744 \ud1b5\ud55c \uc758\uacac \uc9c0\ub3c4\uc790\uc131\uc758 \ubc1c\ud604 [Power-blogs of married women: expression of opinion leadership by blogging]. Media, Gender & Culture 29(2): 5\u201340.","journal-title":"Media, Gender & Culture"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_1","unstructured":"Kim J (2021b) \ucf58\uc9c4\uc6d0 \uc5f0\uc608\uc778\u00b7\uc5f0\uc2b5\uc0dd \uc2ec\ub9ac\uc0c1\ub2f4 \uc9c0\uc6d0\ub300\uc0c1 \uc131\uc778\uae4c\uc9c0 \ud655\ub300 [KOCCA is expanding its counseling program for stars and aspirants to adults]. Yeonhap News 27 April. Available at: https:\/\/www.yna.co.kr\/view\/AKR20210427060500005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09589236.2011.617604"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_47_1","unstructured":"kimjiwon (n.d.) Hyein (NEWJEANS) profile facts. Kprofiles. Available at: https:\/\/kprofiles.com\/hyein-profile-and-facts\/ (accessed 2023)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_48_1","unstructured":"Koh R (2023) A new bill in South Korea prevents K-pop stars under the age of 15 from working more than 35 hours a week and prohibits \u201cover-emphasis\u201d on their looks. Business Insider 26 April. Available at: https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/korean-bill-prohibit-underage-kpop-idols-overworking-looks-2023-4#:~:text=Under%20the%20new%20amendment%2C%20entertainers to%207%20hours%20a%20day"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_49_1","unstructured":"Koreaboo (2017) This is how the K-Pop graduation system works. Koreaboo. Available at: https:\/\/www.koreaboo.com\/stories\/need-know-k-pop-graduation-system\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_50_1","unstructured":"Koreaboo (2023) Inside SM\u2019s K-pop school: a day in the life at \u201cSM Universe.\u201d Koreaboo. Available at: https:\/\/www.koreaboo.com\/stories\/inside-sm-kpop-school-day-in-life-sm-universe\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_51_1","unstructured":"Korea Creative Content Agency (2022) \ub300\uc911\ubb38\ud654\uc608\uc220\uc0b0\uc5c5 \uc2e4\ud0dc\ubcf4\uace0\uc11c [2021 annual report on pop culture and art industry]. Available at: https:\/\/welcon.kocca.kr\/ko\/info\/trend\/1951145"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_52_1","unstructured":"Korea.net (2016) K-pop academies open at Korean cultural centers. Available at: https:\/\/www.korea.net\/NewsFocus\/Culture\/view?articleId=133863"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_53_1","first-page":"235","volume-title":"The Routledge Companion to Digital Media and Children","author":"Leaver T","year":"2021","unstructured":"Leaver T (2021) Balancing privacy: sharenting, intimate surveillance, and the right to be forgotten. In: Holloway D, Stevenson K, Green L, et al. (eds) The Routledge Companion to Digital Media and Children. New York: Routledge, pp. 235\u2013244."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leaver T Abidin C (2018) From YouTube to TV and back again: viral video child stars and media flows in the era of social media. Aoir Selected Papers of Internet Research. Available at: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5210\/spir.v2018i0.10491","DOI":"10.5210\/spir.v2018i0.10491"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_55_1","unstructured":"Lee H-W (2014) South Korean law to protect young K-pop stars from sexualization overwork. The Hollywood Reporter 8 July. Available at: https:\/\/www.hollywoodreporter.com\/news\/general-news\/south-korean-law-protect-young-717098\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_56_1","volume-title":"[Sweat and Tears of Idol Trainees]","author":"Lee J-I","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lee J-I (2018) [Sweat and Tears of Idol Trainees]. Seoul, South Korea: The Seoul Institute."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_57_1","unstructured":"Lee N (2022) \ub274\uc9c4\uc2a4 \ud654\ubcf4 \ub3c5\ubcf4\uc801 \uc544\uc6b0\ub77c+\ud654\uc0ac\ud55c \uc608\uc068 [NewJeans\u2019 new photoshoot extraordinary aura + astounishing beauty]. MBN Star 30 September. Available at: https:\/\/news.nate.com\/view\/20220930n00516?mid=e1100"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5790\/hongkong\/9789888754205.003.0005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_59_1","unstructured":"Lim J (2022) \uc6b0\uc96c\ub85d\uc2a4 \uc5d4\ud130\ud14c\uc778\uba3c\ud2b8X\uc5d0\uc2a4\ud300 \uc774\uc2a4\ud29c\ub514\uc624 \uc2e0\uc778 \uc591\uc131 \uc624\ub514\uc158 \ud504\ub85c\uadf8\ub7a8 \uac1c\ucd5c [UZUROCKS x Esteem EStudio co-host an audition program to cultivate new talents]. Bntnews 6 October. Available at: https:\/\/www.bntnews.co.kr\/article\/view\/bnt202210060088"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1369118X.2011.641993"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/S0163-239620140000043012"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01596306.2015.1041457"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315720432-16"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17482798.2018.1517656"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/9781137283788_2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/9781137283788_5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_67_1","unstructured":"National Human Rights Commission of Korea (2020) \ub300\uc911\ubb38\ud654\uc0b0\uc5c5 \uc885\uc0ac \uc544\ub3d9 \uc778\uad8c \uc2e4\ud0dc \uc870\uc0ac [A report on human rights status of children working in the pop culture industry]. Available at: https:\/\/www.humanrights.go.kr\/site\/program\/board\/basicboard\/view?menuid=001003001004001&pagesize=10&boardtypeid=16&boardid=7606721 https:\/\/www.humanrights.go.kr\/base\/board\/read?boardManagementNo=17&boardNo=7606721&searchCategory=&page=18&searchType=&searchWord=&menuLevel=&menuNo=115"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_68_1","unstructured":"Pocket TV (n.d.) Pocket TV. YouTube. Available at: https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/@PocketTV_official"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_3_69_1","first-page":"165","article-title":"New kidfluencers on the block: the need to update California\u2019s Coogan law to ensure adequate protection for child influencers notes","volume":"73","author":"Reardon J","year":"2022","unstructured":"Reardon J (2022) New kidfluencers on the block: the need to update California\u2019s Coogan law to ensure adequate protection for child influencers notes. Case Western Reserve Law Review 73(1): 165\u2013190.","journal-title":"Case Western Reserve Law Review"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_70_1","unstructured":"Richardson MW (2016) Marketing affect in Japanese idol music [PhD Thesis Northwestern University US]."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_71_1","volume-title":"K-Pop Now!: The Korean Music Revolution","author":"Russell MJ","year":"2014","unstructured":"Russell MJ (2014) K-Pop Now!: The Korean Music Revolution. North Clarendon, VT: Tuttle Publishing."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_72_1","unstructured":"Saif J (2022) Dark depths of fame: child exploitation in the K-pop Industry. The Business Standard 5 August. Available at: https:\/\/www.tbsnews.net\/splash\/dark-depths-fame-child-exploitation-k-pop-industry-471902"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_73_1","unstructured":"SM Entertainment (n.d.) KWANGYA SM global audition. Available at: http:\/\/global-audition.smtown.com\/index\/audition (accessed 1 October)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_74_1","unstructured":"soobeanie_ (2018) How I changed & why I stopped being a Kpop idol? YouTube 9 November. Available at: https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=1hCYNi7rFNs"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_75_1","unstructured":"SooYoung (2023) People who don\u2019t see the problem with minor debuting are fked up. Allkpop. Available at: https:\/\/forum.allkpop.com\/thread\/146210-people-who-don-t-see-the-problem-with-minor-debuting-are-fked-up\/ (accessed 2023)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_76_1","unstructured":"Sophie-Ha (2022) YG entertainment\u2019s sub-label THEBLACKLABEL to hold an audition for its first girl group. Allkpop 29 November. Available at: https:\/\/www.allkpop.com\/article\/2022\/11\/yg-entertainments-sub-label-theblacklabel-to-hold-an-audition-for-its-first-girl-group"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_77_1","unstructured":"Sophie-Ha (2023) NewJeans become the fastest girl group to win a Daesang (Grand Prize). Allkpop 14 December. Available at: https:\/\/www.allkpop.com\/article\/2022\/12\/newjeans-become-the-fastest-girl-group-to-win-a-daesang-grand-prize"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_3_78_1","article-title":"Professionalizing and profiting: the rise of intermediaries in the social media influencer industry","volume":"5","author":"Stoldt R","year":"2019","unstructured":"Stoldt R, Wellman M, Ekdale B, et al. (2019) Professionalizing and profiting: the rise of intermediaries in the social media influencer industry. Social Media+ Society 5(1): 2056305119832587.","journal-title":"Social Media+ Society"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_79_1","unstructured":"Suh C (2020) Blackpink: light up the sky. Netflix. Available at: https:\/\/www.netflix.com\/in\/title\/81106901"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_80_1","unstructured":"Superkids Official (n.d.) About: superkids official. YouTube. Available at: https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/@superkidsofficial1731\/about"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_81_1","unstructured":"TheThings Celebrity (2017) The dark side of being a K-Pop star. YouTube. Available at: https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=ClVqqJ3Peuc&t=2s"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_82_1","unstructured":"Travis E (2021) 25 popular Korean actors who originally started their careers as K-pop idols. Buzzfeed 19 March. Available at: https:\/\/www.buzzfeed.com\/emlyntravis\/k-pop-idols-who-are-also-actors"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_83_1","unstructured":"tuleconghoa (2022) Surprising past of New Jeans\u2019 Korean-Australian member Danielle. Kbizoom. Available at: https:\/\/kbizoom.com\/surprising-past-of-new-jeans-korean-australian-member-danielle-she-had-regular-appearances-on-tv-as-a-child\/ (accessed 2023)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19392397.2016.1272860"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Venters L Rothenberg A (2022) Trammelled stars: the non-autonomy of female K-pop idols. Celebrity Studies. Available at: https:\/\/www.dependency.uni-bonn.de\/en\/research\/publications\/trammelled_stars_2013_the_non_autonomy_of_female_k_pop_idols.pdf","DOI":"10.1080\/19392397.2022.2083521"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Verdoodt V Hof S Van der Leiser M (2020) Child labour and online protection in a world of influencers. In: Goant\u0103 C Ranchord\u00e1s S (eds) The Regulation of Social Media Influencers. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing pp. 98\u2013124. Available at: https:\/\/www.elgaronline.com\/display\/edcoll\/9781788978279\/9781788978279.00013.xml","DOI":"10.4337\/9781788978286.00013"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_87_1","unstructured":"Weiss M (2021) Pour les Enfants: a new French law regulates influencers who are under the age of 16\u2014MAW-LAW web site pour les enfants: a new French law regulates influencers who are under the age of 16. MAW-LAW Web Site 1 February. Available at: https:\/\/www.maw-law.com\/uncategorized\/pour-les-enfants-a-new-french-law-regulates-influencers-who-are-under-the-age-of-16\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_88_1","unstructured":"Yoongi BTS (2019) TXT and ITZY members were asked to leave the MMA\u2019s early. YouTube 6 December. Available at: https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=wDOQfEW4KDg&t=59s"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_89_1","unstructured":"Zuo M (2021) China\u2019s youngest ever boy band rebrands after accusations of child exploitation and claims it was a money-making scam. South China Morning Post 23 August. Available at: https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/news\/people-culture\/china-personalities\/article\/3146161\/chinas-youngest-ever-boy-band-rebrands"}],"container-title":["New Media &amp; Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/14614448241295718","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/14614448241295718","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/14614448241295718","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T04:02:58Z","timestamp":1777694578000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/14614448241295718"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,23]]},"references-count":88,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/14614448241295718"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/14614448241295718","relation":{},"ISSN":["1461-4448","1461-7315"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1461-4448","type":"print"},{"value":"1461-7315","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,23]]}}}