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It does so in the context of new online safety regulation (e.g. the EU Digital Services Act) that pushes digital platforms to improve how they tackle both illegal and \u2018legal but harmful\u2019 content. In particular, we investigate and conceptualise X\u2019s Community Notes, a tool that uses \u2018human-AI cooperation\u2019 to add context to tweets, as a data infrastructure for \u2018soft moderation\u2019. We find that Community Notes is limited when dealing with under-acknowledged online harms, such as those derived from the intersection between disinformation and humour. While research points to the potential of content moderation solutions that combine automation with humans-in-the-loop, we show how this approach can fail when disinformation is poorly defined in policy and practice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/14614448251314399","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,2]],"date-time":"2025-04-02T11:56:00Z","timestamp":1743594960000},"page":"1986-2011","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["The importance of centering harm in data infrastructures for \u2018soft moderation\u2019: X\u2019s Community Notes as a case study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2149-3820","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ariadna","family":"Matamoros-Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Queensland University of Technology, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-1433-4182","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nadia","family":"Jude","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queensland University of Technology, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_1","unstructured":"Ajder H Glick J (2023) Just joking! 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