{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T12:09:29Z","timestamp":1780056569788,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100018703","name":"HORIZON EUROPE European Innovation Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["101028566"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101028566"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100018703","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["New Media &amp; Society"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This study examines the effect of slogan specificity on the mobilization potential of movements on social media platforms. We argue that specific slogans attract more narrowly defined audiences with consistent interpretations. In contrast, vague slogans appeal to broader, more heterogeneous audiences whose interpretations are often diverse, inconsistent, and fragmented. To analyze the link between slogan specificity and mobilization potential, we introduce three concepts: diversity (the range of causes), consistency (continuity of cause related messages), and interconnectivity (the degree to which users refer to common causes). We test this argument on 709,222 tweets of the countermovements of Black Lives Matter (All Lives Matter, Blue\/Police Lives Matter, and White Lives Matter) using network analysis and natural language processing techniques. Our findings substantiate the hypothesized trade-off between slogan specificity and mobilization potential. This study contributes to existing literature with a theoretical framework for understanding the mobilization dynamics of social movements in digital environments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/14614448251336421","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]],"date-time":"2025-07-02T02:10:16Z","timestamp":1751422216000},"page":"2465-2491","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A comparative analysis of online mobilization through slogan specificity: The case of the countermovements to #BlackLivesMatter"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5479-4801","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ba\u015fak","family":"Tarakta\u015f","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bo\u011fazi\u00e7i University, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1752-4065","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Orkun","family":"\u0130rsoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carnegie Mellon University, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6916-4036","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kadir Cihan","family":"Duran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Pennsylvania State University, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0106-0182","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suzan","family":"\u00dcskudarli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bo\u011fazi\u00e7i University, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_1","unstructured":"Angelov D (2020) Top2Vec: distributed representations of topics. Available at: https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2008.09470 (accessed 17 July 2024)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/muwo.12158"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02691728.2018.1483879"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_3_4_5_1","first-page":"2054","article-title":"Police reform and the dismantling of legal estrangement","volume":"126","author":"Bell MC","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bell MC (2017) Police reform and the dismantling of legal estrangement. The Yale Law Journal 126(7): 2054\u20132150.","journal-title":"The Yale Law Journal"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2579890"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-682X.1997.tb00445.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.soc.26.1.611"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_1","unstructured":"Black Lives Matter Global Network Foundation (2024) Actions archive \u2013 Black Lives Matter. Available at: https:\/\/blacklivesmatter.com\/actions\/ (accessed 14 July 2024)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_1","first-page":"993","article-title":"Latent dirichlet allocation","volume":"3","author":"Blei DM","year":"2003","unstructured":"Blei DM, Ng AY, Jordan MI (2003) Latent dirichlet allocation. Journal of Machine Learning Research 3: 993\u20131022.","journal-title":"Journal of Machine Learning Research"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444817740822"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sf\/sov120"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1618923114"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13645579.2012.756095"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0160597616643868"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/pan\/mpq037"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2401239121"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9781400855025"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/0199251789.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_1","first-page":"3509","article-title":"For a complex concept of populism","volume":"54","author":"Diehl P","year":"2022","unstructured":"Diehl P (2022) For a complex concept of populism. Polity 54: 3509\u20133518.","journal-title":"Polity"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2117320119"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119168577.ch4"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13504630.2019.1572502"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780429353246"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2205767119"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444816676646"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0195644"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_1","volume-title":"The Strategy of Social Protest","author":"Gamson W","year":"1975","unstructured":"Gamson W (1975) The Strategy of Social Protest. Belmont, CA: Dorsey Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_1","volume-title":"Encounters with Unjust Authority","author":"Gamson WA","year":"1982","unstructured":"Gamson WA, Fireman B, Rytina S (1982) Encounters with Unjust Authority. Belmont, CA: Dorsey Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_1","first-page":"141","volume-title":"Stanford Law Review Online","volume":"73","author":"Gardner TG","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gardner TG (2020) Law and order as the foundational paradox of the Trump presidency symposium: policing, race, and power: essay. Stanford Law Review Online 73: 141\u2013161."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_1","first-page":"23","volume-title":"Are All the Women Still White?: Rethinking Race, Expanding Feminisms","author":"Garza A","year":"2016","unstructured":"Garza A (2016) A herstory of the #BlackLivesMatter movement. In: Hobson J (ed) Are All the Women Still White?: Rethinking Race, Expanding Feminisms. New York: State University of New York Press, pp. 23\u201328."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/230049"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_33_1","volume-title":"Frame Analysis: An Essay on the Organization of Experience","author":"Goffman E","year":"1974","unstructured":"Goffman E (1974) Frame Analysis: An Essay on the Organization of Experience. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_34_1","unstructured":"Grootendorst M (2022) Bertopic: neural topic modeling with a class-based tf-idf procedure. Available at: https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2203.05794 (accessed 17 July 2024)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/20563051221146182"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0003055421001131"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/dss.2015.0051"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15298868.2018.1524788"},{"issue":"208","key":"e_1_3_4_39_1","first-page":"397","article-title":"Identity fields: framing processes and the social construction of movement identities","volume":"185","author":"Hunt SA","year":"1994","unstructured":"Hunt SA, Benford RD, Snow DA, et al. (1994) Identity fields: framing processes and the social construction of movement identities. New Social Movements: From Ideology to Identity 185(208): 397\u2013416.","journal-title":"New Social Movements: From Ideology to Identity"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2056305116637103"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19331681.2013.803948"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_42_1","unstructured":"Jones S Kishi R (2020) Demonstrations and political violence in America: new data for summer 2020. ACLED. Available at: https:\/\/acleddata.com\/2020\/09\/03\/demonstrations-political-violence-in-america-new-data-for-summer2020\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/soc4.13024"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01115051"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2095297"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2096279"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2786835"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_48_1","first-page":"67","volume-title":"The Blackwell Companion to Political Sociology","author":"Kriesi H","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kriesi H (2001) Political context and opportunity. In: Nash K, Scott A (eds) The Blackwell Companion to Political Sociology (Blackwell companions to sociology). Malden, MA: Blackwell, pp. 67\u201390."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_49_1","volume-title":"On Populist Reason","author":"Laclau E","year":"2005","unstructured":"Laclau E (2005) On Populist Reason. London: Verso Books."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0021934720946802"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/14614448211050885"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1369118X.2021.1877772"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0002764207306062"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.so.08.080182.000543"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-6765.1987.tb00899.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/226464"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2153368720933665"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315129648-10"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/230869"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/800200"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.70090\/MBM13OMC"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_62_1","volume-title":"National Conference on State Legislatures","author":"National Conference of State Legislatures","year":"2020","unstructured":"National Conference of State Legislatures (2020) 2020 Legislative session calendar. Technical Report, National Conference on State Legislatures, Denver, CO, 31 December."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0167.47.1.59"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11109-023-09881-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_65_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Workshop on Cyber Social Threats, International Workshop on Cyber Social Threats (CySoc 2022)","author":"Paudel P","year":"2022","unstructured":"Paudel P, Blackburn J, De Cristofaro E, et al. (2022) A longitudinal study of the gettr social network. In: Proceedings of the International Workshop on Cyber Social Threats, International Workshop on Cyber Social Threats (CySoc 2022), Atlanta, Georgia, 2022."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12552-014-9134-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_67_1","volume-title":"The Color of Crime","author":"Russell-Brown K","year":"2009","unstructured":"Russell-Brown K (2009) The Color of Crime. New York: New York University Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/03063968211010998"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/14614448241228850"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-682X.1997.tb00449.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/pspa0000338"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_72_1","first-page":"197","article-title":"Ideology, frame resonance, and participant mobilization","volume":"1","author":"Snow DA","year":"1988","unstructured":"Snow DA, Benford RD (1988) Ideology, frame resonance, and participant mobilization. International Social Movement Research 1: 197\u2013217.","journal-title":"International Social Movement Research"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/crq.21262"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_74_1","unstructured":"Stocking G Mitchell A Matsa KE et al. (2022) The role of alternative social media in the news and information environment. Pew Research Center. Available at: https:\/\/www.pewresearch.org\/journalism\/2022\/10\/06\/the-role-of-alternative-social-media-in-the-news-and-information-environment\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_75_1","unstructured":"Sullivan B (2021) Kyle Rittenhouse is acquitted of all charges in the trial over killing 2 in Kenosha. Available at: https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2021\/11\/19\/1057288807\/kyle-rittenhouse-acquitted-all-charges-verdict#:~:text=Kyle%20Rittenhouse%2C%20the%2018%2Dyear racial%20justice%20protests%20and%20vigilantism."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/HICSS.2005.444"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1369118X.2014.948035"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_78_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Social movements as historically specific clusters of political performances","volume":"38","author":"Tilly C","year":"1993","unstructured":"Tilly C (1993) Social movements as historically specific clusters of political performances. Berkeley Journal of Sociology 38: 1\u201330.","journal-title":"Berkeley Journal of Sociology"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_79_1","unstructured":"Twitter (2023) Twitter API V2. Available at: https:\/\/developer.twitter.com\/en\/docs\/twitter-api (accessed September 2023)."},{"issue":"84","key":"e_1_3_4_80_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"The power of slogans: using protest writings in social movement research","volume":"23","author":"Van De Velde C","year":"2022","unstructured":"Van De Velde C (2022) The power of slogans: using protest writings in social movement research. Social Movement Studies 23(84): 1\u201320.","journal-title":"Social Movement Studies"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_3_4_81_1","article-title":"Fast unfolding of communities in large networks","volume":"2008","author":"Vincent DB","year":"2008","unstructured":"Vincent DB, Jean-Loup G, Renaud L, et al. (2008) Fast unfolding of communities in large networks. Journal of Statistical Mechanics: Theory and Experiment 2008(10): P10008.","journal-title":"Journal of Statistical Mechanics: Theory and Experiment"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/14614448211015805"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1741659019873757"}],"container-title":["New Media &amp; Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/14614448251336421","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/14614448251336421","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/14614448251336421","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T11:45:48Z","timestamp":1780055148000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/14614448251336421"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]]},"references-count":82,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/14614448251336421"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/14614448251336421","relation":{},"ISSN":["1461-4448","1461-7315"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1461-4448","type":"print"},{"value":"1461-7315","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]]}}}