{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T19:13:43Z","timestamp":1783538023607,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100018697","name":"HORIZON EUROPE Culture, Creativity and Inclusive society","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["101095290"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101095290"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100018697","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["New Media &amp; Society"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    This article investigates the relationship between online conspiracy theory communities and platformed violence through a case study of a conspiratorial harassment campaign against a Danish children\u2019s TV show, Uncle Shrimp (DR, 2012\u2013), and its main actor. Based on theories of violent extremism, conspiracism, and the participatory practices in online spaces of hybridized extremism, we aim to understand how the QAnon-adjacent Uncle Shrimp conspiracy theory is appropriated to fit a Danish context. We analyze 370 user comments and six posts from Facebook (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">N<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009376), drawing on Berger\u2019s four steps of group extremism: crisis narratives, in-group negotiations, out-group threats, and (violent) solutions. We found that users engage in conspiracy theory worldbuilding through a range of participatory practices and that the harassment campaign against the Uncle Shrimp actor emerged from the community shaped by mutual appreciation and forensic play alongside expressions of hate and platformed violence.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/14614448251336431","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]],"date-time":"2026-04-11T06:51:36Z","timestamp":1775890296000},"page":"1464-1481","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The violence of online conspiracy theories"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1569-5768","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Line Nybro","family":"Petersen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3569-6971","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mikkel B\u00e6kby","family":"Johansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_1","volume-title":"A Culture of Conspiracy","author":"Barkun M","year":"2013","unstructured":"Barkun M (2013) A Culture of Conspiracy. Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/11688.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/09632719241272141"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1329878X20946113"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780429325472"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1743923X20000409"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/13548565231178914"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10350330.2022.2157170"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_1","unstructured":"DSIS (2024) Assessment of the terrorist threat to Denmark 2024. Report Danish Security and Intelligence Service Denmark March."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/02632764211036731"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.70064\/mt.v7i1.899"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjso.12717"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1057610X.2023.2194133"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780429452734-3_2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2022.101349"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_1","unstructured":"Isbister T Sahlgren M Kaati L et al (2018) Monitoring targeted hate in online environments. arXiv:1803.04757. Available at: http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1803.04757 (accessed 28 November 2024)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_1","unstructured":"Jones I Comerford M (2023) Radical reinforcement: the January 6 attack and the methodology of hybridized extremism. Available at: https:\/\/www.isdglobal.org\/digital_dispatches\/radical-reinforcement-the-january-6-attack-and-the-methodology-of-hybridized-extremism\/ (accessed 10 November 2024)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/14614448221075759"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10677-023-10370-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/20563051211021378"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/14614448221090201"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mittell J (2009) Sites of participation: Wiki fandom and the case of Lostpedia. Transformative Works and Cultures 3. Available at: https:\/\/journal.transformativeworks.org\/index.php\/twc\/article\/view\/118\/117 (accessed 27 November 2024).","DOI":"10.3983\/twc.2009.0118"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09546553.2023.2236230"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/13684302211028293"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_1","first-page":"153","volume-title":"Violence and Trolling on Social Media: History, Affect, and Effects of Online Vitriol","author":"Olson G","year":"2020","unstructured":"Olson G (2020) Love and hate online: affective politics in the era of Trump. In: Polak S, Trottier D (eds) Violence and Trolling on Social Media: History, Affect, and Effects of Online Vitriol. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, pp. 153\u2013178."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/978-1-83608-482-220251002"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Petersen LN Johansen MB (accepted 2025) Spaces of hybridized prefatory extremism (HYPE) on social media. Social Media + Society. Epub ahead of print 14 May. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/20563051251340145","DOI":"10.1177\/20563051251340145"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_1","volume-title":"The Ambivalent Internet: Mischief, Oddity, and Antagonism Online","author":"Phillips W","year":"2017","unstructured":"Phillips W, Milner RM (2017) The Ambivalent Internet: Mischief, Oddity, and Antagonism Online. Cambridge, MA: Polity."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/12436.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_1","volume-title":"Digital Ethnography: Principles and Practice","author":"Pink S","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pink S, Horst H, Postill J, et al (2016) Digital Ethnography: Principles and Practice. London: Sage."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctv1b0fvrn.4"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_4_33_1","first-page":"61","article-title":"9\/11, COVID-19 og Onkel Reje: Konspirationsteorier i Danmark i det 21. \u00e5rhundrede","volume":"2024","author":"Rasmussen KG","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rasmussen KG (2024) 9\/11, COVID-19 og Onkel Reje: Konspirationsteorier i Danmark i det 21. \u00e5rhundrede. \u00d8konomi & Politik 2024(2): 61\u201378.","journal-title":"\u00d8konomi & Politik"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781003472148-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/15274764241277475"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1027\/2151-2604\/a000546"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/14614448241237489"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17440572.2019.1591952"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_39_1","volume-title":"Digital Media, Denunciation and Shaming: The Court of Public Opinion","author":"Trottier D","year":"2025","unstructured":"Trottier D, Huang Q, Gabdulhakov R (2025) Digital Media, Denunciation and Shaming: The Court of Public Opinion. New York: Routledge."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/13548565221118751"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_4_41_1","first-page":"18","article-title":"Belief in conspiracy theories and attitudes toward political violence","volume":"52","author":"Vegetti F","year":"2022","unstructured":"Vegetti F, Littvay L (2022) Belief in conspiracy theories and attitudes toward political violence. Italian Political Science Review 52(1): 18\u201332.","journal-title":"Italian Political Science Review"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/14614448241289905"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_43_1","first-page":"1383","article-title":"Sticky violence","volume":"17","author":"Zelizer B","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zelizer B (2023) Sticky violence. International Journal of Communication 17: 1383\u20131389.","journal-title":"International Journal of Communication"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21670811.2021.1938165"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/13548565221117474"}],"container-title":["New Media &amp; Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/14614448251336431","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/14614448251336431","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/14614448251336431","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T04:03:48Z","timestamp":1777694628000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/14614448251336431"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/14614448251336431"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/14614448251336431","relation":{},"ISSN":["1461-4448","1461-7315"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1461-4448","type":"print"},{"value":"1461-7315","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}}}