{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T12:09:28Z","timestamp":1780056568399,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,15]],"date-time":"2025-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747267200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,15]],"date-time":"2025-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747267200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["New Media &amp; Society"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This article introduces the concept of the Undersphere \u2013 a networked community brought together via creative exchange \u2013 to highlight how the increased proliferation of Generative AI poses risks not yet acknowledged by policymakers within emerging AI regulatory frameworks. Employing a single case study methodology \u2013 namely, exploring exchanges made on r\/StableDiffusion, a known subgroup on Reddit \u2013 it illustrates the conceptual parameters of the Undersphere, outlines the potential for creative harm within the GenAI space, and counters these elements against the AI regulatory frameworks found within the EU AI Act. It concludes that a risk management framework that provides a more fluid approach to addressing risks, such as those found in governance frameworks aimed at eradicating climate change, could be better positioned to address insecurities manifesting from the GenAI space.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/14614448251338511","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,15]],"date-time":"2025-05-15T08:41:20Z","timestamp":1747298480000},"page":"2492-2508","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Creative Underspheres and democratic challenges: Exploring the implications of generative AI misuse"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7719-7735","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Milica","family":"Stilinovic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Sydney, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5971-1921","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Bailo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Sydney, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7349-1662","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathon","family":"Hutchinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Sydney, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2056305120984458"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_1","unstructured":"Ajder H Patrini G Cavalli F et al. (2019) The state of deepfakes: landscape threats and impact. Deeptrace. Available at: https:\/\/regmedia.co.uk\/2019\/10\/08\/deepfake_report.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7208\/chicago\/9780226924571.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_1","volume-title":"Counterpublics and the State","author":"Asen R","year":"2001","unstructured":"Asen R, Brouwer DC (eds) (2001) Counterpublics and the State. New York: SUNY Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21541\/apjess.1293702"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_1","volume-title":"World at Risk","author":"Beck U","year":"2009","unstructured":"Beck U (2009) World at Risk. Cambridge: Polity Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13669877.2010.515313"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_1","first-page":"39","volume-title":"A Networked Self: Identity, Community, and Culture on Social Network Sites","author":"boyd D","year":"2010","unstructured":"boyd D (2010) Social network sites as networked publics affordances, dynamics, and implications. In: Papacharissi Z (ed.) A Networked Self: Identity, Community, and Culture on Social Network Sites. New York: Taylor & Francis, pp. 39\u201358."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"MIT5: Media In Transition: Creativity, Ownership and Collaboration in the Digital Age","author":"Bruns A","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bruns A (2007) Produsage, generation C, and their effects on the democratic process. In: Bruns A (ed.) MIT5: Media In Transition: Creativity, Ownership and Collaboration in the Digital Age. Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, pp. 1\u201326."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ct\/qtad007"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_1","unstructured":"Crawford A Smith T (2023) Illegal trade in AI child sex abuse images exposed. BBC 28 June. Available at: https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/uk-65932372"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/comt.12010"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_1","volume-title":"Doing Cultural Studies: The Story of the Sony Walkman","author":"Du Gay P","year":"2013","unstructured":"Du Gay P, Hall S, Janes L, et al. (2013 [1997]) Doing Cultural Studies: The Story of the Sony Walkman. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Epstein Z Hertzmann A Herman L et al. (2023) Art and the science of generative AI: a deeper dive. arXiv [preprint]. DOI: 10.48550\/arXiv.2306.04141.","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2306.04141"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_1","unstructured":"European Commission (2023) Proposal for a regulation of the European parliament and of the council laying down harmonised rules on artificial intelligence (artificial intelligence act) and amending certain union legislative acts. European Commission. Available at: https:\/\/artificialintelligenceact.eu\/the-act\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_1","unstructured":"European Parliament (2023a) EU AI Act: first regulation on artificial intelligence. European Parliament. Available at: https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/news\/en\/headlines\/society\/20230601STO93804\/eu-ai-act-first-regulation-on-artificial-intelligence"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_1","unstructured":"European Parliament (2023b) Artificial intelligence democracy and elections. European Parliament. Available at: https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/RegData\/etudes\/BRIE\/2023\/751478\/EPRS_BRI(2023)751478_EN.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s42001-024-00250-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/14614448231214811"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781107415379"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_1","first-page":"74","volume-title":"Between Borders","author":"Fraser N","year":"1990","unstructured":"Fraser N (1990) Rethinking the public sphere: a contribution to the critique of actually existing democracy. In: Del Castillo AR (ed.) Between Borders. New York: Routledge, pp. 74\u201398."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11634-021-00455-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315733517"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3491102.3517446"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_1","volume-title":"The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: An Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society","author":"Habermas J","year":"1991","unstructured":"Habermas J (1991) The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: An Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_1","unstructured":"Hao K (2021) Deepfake porn is ruining women\u2019s lives. Now the law may finally ban it. MIT Technology Review 12 February. Available at: https:\/\/www.technologyreview.com\/2021\/02\/12\/1018222\/deepfake-revenge-porn-coming-ban\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444816639975"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18574\/nyu\/9781479860234.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_1","unstructured":"Hurst L (2023) An analysis has revealed how the overwhelming majority of deepfake videos found online are pornography. EuroNews 20 October. Available at: https:\/\/www.euronews.com\/next\/2023\/10\/20\/generative-ai-fueling-spread-of-deepfake-pornography-across-the-internet"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_1","first-page":"75","volume-title":"Tackling Insurgent Ideologies in a Pandemic World","author":"Jaiman A","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jaiman A (2020) Debating the ethics of deepfakes. In Mirchadani (ed.) Tackling Insurgent Ideologies in a Pandemic World. New Delhi, India: ORF and Global Policy Journal, pp. 75\u201379."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4337\/9781803920320.00013"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13669877.2024.2350720"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_34_1","first-page":"109","article-title":"Learning in doing: social, cognitive, and computational perspectives","volume":"10","author":"Lave J","year":"1991","unstructured":"Lave J, Wenger E (1991) Learning in doing: social, cognitive, and computational perspectives. Situated Learning: Legitimate Peripheral Participation 10: 109\u2013155.","journal-title":"Situated Learning: Legitimate Peripheral Participation"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_35_1","first-page":"156","article-title":"The pitfalls of the European Union\u2019s risk-based approach to digital rulemaking","volume":"71","author":"Leufer D","year":"2023","unstructured":"Leufer D, Hidvegi F (2023) The pitfalls of the European Union\u2019s risk-based approach to digital rulemaking. UCLA Law Review 71: 156.","journal-title":"UCLA Law Review"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_36_1","volume-title":"Information Technologies in Universities: An Institutional Case Study","author":"Levy SJ","year":"1988","unstructured":"Levy SJ (1988) Information Technologies in Universities: An Institutional Case Study. Flagstaff, AZ: Northern Arizona University."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijme.2023.100790"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssci.2022.105989"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/23268743.2020.1757499"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_4_40_1","first-page":"87","article-title":"The positive and negative effects of pornography as attributed by consumers","volume":"34","author":"McKee A","year":"2007","unstructured":"McKee A (2007) The positive and negative effects of pornography as attributed by consumers. Australian Journal of Communication 34(1): 87\u2013104.","journal-title":"Australian Journal of Communication"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-2466.2012.01630.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/rego.12563"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijresmar.2023.03.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-7535(97)00052-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444814530095"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_46_1","volume-title":"The Virtual Community \u2013 Homesteading on the Electronic Frontier","author":"Rheingold H","year":"1994","unstructured":"Rheingold H (1994) The Virtual Community \u2013 Homesteading on the Electronic Frontier. 1st ed. New York: HarperCollins Publishers.","edition":"1"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/14614448221135187"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12027-022-00725-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_49_1","unstructured":"Security Hero (2023) 2023 state of deep fakes: realities threats and impact. Security Hero. Available at: https:\/\/www.securityhero.io\/state-of-deepfakes\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oneear.2021.03.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_51_1","unstructured":"Swanson SM (2022) I discovered this woman who I call Loab in April. The AI reproduced her more easily than most celebrities. Her presence is persistent and she haunts every image she touches. Available at: https:\/\/x.com\/supercomposite\/status\/1567162288087470081"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_4_52_1","article-title":"Deepfakes and disinformation: exploring the impact of synthetic political video on deception, uncertainty, and trust in news","volume":"6","author":"Vaccari C","year":"2020","unstructured":"Vaccari C, Chadwick A (2020) Deepfakes and disinformation: exploring the impact of synthetic political video on deception, uncertainty, and trust in news. Social Media+ Society 6(1): 2056305120903408.","journal-title":"Social Media+ Society"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/23268743.2020.1741434"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clsr.2022.105716"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2478\/jagi-2019-0002"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctv1qgnqj8"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1356389013497081"}],"container-title":["New Media &amp; Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/14614448251338511","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/14614448251338511","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/14614448251338511","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T11:45:22Z","timestamp":1780055122000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/14614448251338511"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,15]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/14614448251338511"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/14614448251338511","relation":{},"ISSN":["1461-4448","1461-7315"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1461-4448","type":"print"},{"value":"1461-7315","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,15]]}}}