{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T23:31:18Z","timestamp":1777937478889,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008805","name":"German Federal Ministry of Education and Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["01UG2203E"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01UG2203E"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008805","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["New Media &amp; Society"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Racism extends into the digital realm, manifesting in various forms of technology-facilitated violence (TFV). Although much research centers on the Global North, it is essential to investigate this issue in other settings, such as Colombia, where activists are particularly vulnerable to TFV. This study enriches the debate with a qualitative approach, conducting 18 interviews with activists from Choc\u00f3 and Bogot\u00e1. The literature on race and TFV reveals that technology can exacerbate racism through social media, like anonymity, and introduce new forms of racist violence, including deepfakes and algorithmic bias. However, these forms were not prevalent in our interviews. For activists, structural racism, especially limited Internet, and electricity access emerged as a primary factor in their experiences with racist TFV. Overt TFV escalates to offline threats, silencing dissenting voices. This research emphasizes the need to understand TFV within non-Western regions, advocating for nuanced approaches to addressing digital racism in diverse contexts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/14614448251344286","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]],"date-time":"2026-04-11T06:51:36Z","timestamp":1775890296000},"page":"1412-1436","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Race, ethnicity, and technology-facilitated violence: The experience of activists in Choc\u00f3, Colombia"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-2603-9017","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miyerlandy","family":"Cabanzo Valencia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad Tecnol\u00f3gica del Choc\u00f3, Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9540-2488","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura Gianna","family":"Guntrum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technical University of Darmstadt, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/20563051221122441"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_6_3_1","first-page":"1877","article-title":"\u201cEsa paz blanca, esa paz de muerte\u201d: tiempos de paz, tiempos de guerra y el cronos negro imposible en el posconflicto colombiano","volume":"57","author":"Amparo Alves J","year":"2021","unstructured":"Amparo Alves J (2021) \u201cEsa paz blanca, esa paz de muerte\u201d: tiempos de paz, tiempos de guerra y el cronos negro imposible en el posconflicto colombiano. Revista Colombiana De Antropolog\u00eda 57(2): 1877.","journal-title":"Revista Colombiana De Antropolog\u00eda"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-72604-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11196-022-09882-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/13678779221092462"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_7_1","volume-title":"Racism without Racists: Color-blind Racism and the Persistance of Racial Inequality in America","author":"Bonilla-Silva E","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bonilla-Silva E (2022) Racism without Racists: Color-blind Racism and the Persistance of Racial Inequality in America. London: Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-69909-7_3470-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-10-5251-4_103"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_6_10_1","first-page":"69","article-title":"Othering, an analysis","volume":"6","author":"Brons L","year":"2015","unstructured":"Brons L (2015) Othering, an analysis. Transcience 6(1): 69\u201390.","journal-title":"Transcience"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1075\/jlac.00085.car"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_12_1","unstructured":"CEV (2022) MI CUERPO ES LA VERDAD: Experiencias De Mujeres Y Personas LGBTIQ+ En El Conflicto Armado. Bogot\u00e1. Available at: https:\/\/www.calameo.com\/read\/00719914549f8c635feea"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3102\/00346543231192685"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_14_1","unstructured":"DANE (2022) Censo Nacional de Poblaci\u00f3n y Vivienda 2018- Departamento de Choc\u00f3. Available at: https:\/\/sitios.dane.gov.co\/cnpv\/app\/views\/informacion\/perfiles\/27_infografia.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_15_1","unstructured":"DANE (2024) Pobreza Multidimensional. Resultados 2023. Available at: https:\/\/www.dane.gov.co\/files\/operaciones\/PM\/pres-PMultidimensional-2023.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/9781316822883"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_6_17_1","first-page":"51","article-title":"The \u2018invisible other\u2019: social representations of COVID-19 pandemic in media and institutional discourse","volume":"29","author":"De Rosa AS","year":"2020","unstructured":"De Rosa AS, Mannarini T (2020) The \u2018invisible other\u2019: social representations of COVID-19 pandemic in media and institutional discourse. Papers on Social Representations 29(2): 51\u2013535.","journal-title":"Papers on Social Representations"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_18_1","unstructured":"Defensor\u00eda del Pueblo (2024) Alerta Temprana De Inminencia No. 024-24 19 September. Available at: https:\/\/alertasstg.blob.core.windows.net\/alertas\/024-24.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18574\/nyu\/9781479818297.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_20_1","unstructured":"Departamento Nacional de Planeaci\u00f3n (2024) Departamento De Choc\u00f3. Available at: https:\/\/terridata.blob.core.windows.net\/fichas\/Ficha_27000.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15348431.2023.2180364"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_22_1","first-page":"262","article-title":"Post-colonialism and the digital age","volume":"38","author":"Enein GFRA","year":"2023","unstructured":"Enein GFRA (2023) Post-colonialism and the digital age. Journal of Namibian Studies: History Politics Culture 38: 262\u2013277.","journal-title":"Journal of Namibian Studies: History Politics Culture"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2332649220933307"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2056305120975716"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_25_1","unstructured":"Essed P (2013) Entitlement Racism: License to Humiliate in \u201cRecycling Hatred: Racism(s) in Europe Today: A Dialogue between Academics Equality Experts and Civil Society Activists.\u201d Brussels: European Network Against Racism aisbl (ENAR). Available at: https:\/\/www.enar-eu.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/symposiumreport_lr_final_final.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1049096512000819"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_27_1","first-page":"87","article-title":"The Snowball Sampling Strategy in the Field of Social Sciences. Contexts and Considerations","volume":"2","author":"Gierczyk M","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gierczyk M, Gromkowska-Melosik A, Sam Scott S, et al. (2024) The Snowball Sampling Strategy in the Field of Social Sciences. Contexts and Considerations. Educational Studies Review 2: 87\u2013104.","journal-title":"Educational Studies Review"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_28_1","unstructured":"Global Witness (2022) Decade of Defiance. Ten Years of Reporting Land and Environmental Activism Worldwide. Available at: https:\/\/www.globalwitness.org\/en\/campaigns\/environmental-activists\/decade-defiance\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/2179-8966\/2021\/59628"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_6_30_1","first-page":"79705","article-title":"When you search a# Hashtag, it feels like you\u2019re searching for death\u201d: Black Twitter and communication about police brutality within the black community","volume":"9","author":"Hawkins DS","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hawkins DS (2023) When you search a# Hashtag, it feels like you\u2019re searching for death\u201d: Black Twitter and communication about police brutality within the black community. Social Media+ Society 9(2): 79705.","journal-title":"Social Media+ Society"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/20539517211055898"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_32_1","first-page":"805","article-title":"Hate speech and the language of racism in Latin America: a lens for reconsidering global hate speech restrictions and legislation models","volume":"32","author":"Hern\u00e1ndez TK","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hern\u00e1ndez TK (2010) Hate speech and the language of racism in Latin America: a lens for reconsidering global hate speech restrictions and legislation models. University of Pennsylvania Journal of International Law 32: 805.","journal-title":"University of Pennsylvania Journal of International Law"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_33_1","unstructured":"Home JPG Grillo MAG (2022) \u00bfPor Qu\u00e9 Contin\u00faa La Guerra En El Choc\u00f3? Available at: https:\/\/cinep.org.co\/publicaciones\/producto\/por-que-continua-la-guerra-en-el-choco\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Human Rights Watch (2022) World Report: Colombia. Available at: https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/world-report\/2023\/country-chapters\/colombia","DOI":"10.46692\/9781447318491"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3102\/0002831217722120"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-12633-9_11"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118591178.ch21"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1369118X.2021.1962945"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_39_1","unstructured":"Linterna Verde (2023) Informe De Monitoreo Social Media 4 Peace Colombia. Available at: https:\/\/cms.flip.datasketch.co\/uploads\/Informe_final_Social_Media_4_Peace_Linterna_Verde_8c9a0a4fda.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-12633-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3615335.3623013"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_42_1","first-page":"439","article-title":"Afterword: kindling the programmatic production of critical and outsider legal scholarship, 1996-2016","volume":"37","author":"Matambanadzo SM","year":"2016","unstructured":"Matambanadzo SM, Valdes F, Velez Martinez SI (2016) Afterword: kindling the programmatic production of critical and outsider legal scholarship, 1996-2016. Whittier Law Review 37: 439.","journal-title":"Whittier Law Review"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1369118X.2017.1293130"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_6_44_1","first-page":"8325","article-title":"\u201cEl Negro de WhatsApp\u201d meme, digital blackface, and racism on social media","volume":"25","author":"Matamoros-Fern\u00e1ndez A","year":"2020","unstructured":"Matamoros-Fern\u00e1ndez A (2020) \u201cEl Negro de WhatsApp\u201d meme, digital blackface, and racism on social media. First Monday 25(1): 8325.","journal-title":"First Monday"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1527476420982230"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_46_1","unstructured":"Men\u00e9ndez EL (2018) Colonialismo Neocolonialismo Y Racismo. El Papel De La Ideolog\u00eda Y De La Ciencia En Las Estrategias De Control Y Dominaci\u00f3n. Available at: http:\/\/bdjc.iia.unam.mx\/items\/show\/453#lg=1&slide=0"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.24908\/ss.v15i3\/4.6635"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315465258-12"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/17488958221140549"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_6_50_1","first-page":"6882","article-title":"Ecologies of violence on social media: an exploration of practices, contexts, and grammars of online harm","volume":"9","author":"Morales E","year":"2023","unstructured":"Morales E (2023) Ecologies of violence on social media: an exploration of practices, contexts, and grammars of online harm. Social Media and Society 9(3): 6882.","journal-title":"Social Media and Society"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/14614448241236756"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_52_1","volume-title":"El Perfilamiento Racial Y El Sesgo Algor\u00edtmico: Recomendaci\u00f3n General 36 Del CERD","author":"Murillo P","year":"2022","unstructured":"Murillo P (2022) El Perfilamiento Racial Y El Sesgo Algor\u00edtmico: Recomendaci\u00f3n General 36 Del CERD. Oficina de la Alta Comisionada de las Naciones Unidas para los Derechos Humanos. Comit\u00e9 para la Eliminaci\u00f3n de la Discriminaci\u00f3n Racial."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1556-6676.2014.00130.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_54_1","first-page":"3049","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 25th European Conference on Information Systems, ECIS 2017","author":"Ortiz J","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ortiz J, Tripathi A (2017) Resource mobilization in social media: the role of influential actors. In: Proceedings of the 25th European Conference on Information Systems, ECIS 2017, Guimar\u00e3es, 5\u201310 June, pp. 3049\u20133059."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01419870.2020.1825758"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_6_56_1","article-title":"\u201cI bet you don\u2019t get what we get\u201d: an intersectional analysis of technology-facilitated violence experienced by racialized women anti- violence online activists in Canada","volume":"19","author":"Rajani N","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rajani N (2022) \u201cI bet you don\u2019t get what we get\u201d: an intersectional analysis of technology-facilitated violence experienced by racialized women anti- violence online activists in Canada. Canadian Journal of Law and Technoloogy 19(2): CJLT217.","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Law and Technoloogy"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_57_1","volume-title":"Witnessing Images of Racialized Violence on Social Media. Reacci\u00f3n Y Resistencia: Imaginar Futuros Posibles En Las Am\u00e9ricas","author":"Rodrigues L","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rodrigues L (2024) Witnessing Images of Racialized Violence on Social Media. Reacci\u00f3n Y Resistencia: Imaginar Futuros Posibles En Las Am\u00e9ricas. Bogot\u00e1: LASA."},{"issue":"19","key":"e_1_3_6_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.24137\/raeic.10.19.13","article-title":"El uso estrat\u00e9gico de las TIC para superar adversidades ecosociales y sociopol\u00edticas: un estudio de casos sobre movimientos sociales","volume":"10","author":"Rodr\u00edguez-Guerrero M","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez-Guerrero M, Barrera-Algar\u00edn E (2023) El uso estrat\u00e9gico de las TIC para superar adversidades ecosociales y sociopol\u00edticas: un estudio de casos sobre movimientos sociales. Revista De La Asociaci\u00f3n Espa\u00f1ola De Investigaci\u00f3n De La Comunicaci\u00f3n 10(19): 285\u2013312.","journal-title":"Revista De La Asociaci\u00f3n Espa\u00f1ola De Investigaci\u00f3n De La Comunicaci\u00f3n"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_59_1","first-page":"2016","article-title":"Grassroots perspectives on hate speech, race, & inequality in Brazil & Colombia","volume":"234","author":"Roshani N","year":"2016","unstructured":"Roshani N (2016) Grassroots perspectives on hate speech, race, & inequality in Brazil & Colombia. Berkman Klein Center Research Publication 234: 2016\u20132018.","journal-title":"Berkman Klein Center Research Publication"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2675505"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_61_1","first-page":"194","volume-title":"Una d\u00e9cada de protestas ciudadanas","author":"Sola-Morales S","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sola-Morales S, Sabariego J (2020) Tecnopol\u00edtica, recientes movimientos sociales globales e Internet. Una d\u00e9cada de protestas ciudadanas. Teknokultura: Revista De Cultura Digital Y Movimientos Sociales 17(2): 194\u2013203."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_62_1","unstructured":"Stuardo F Amaro F Le\u00f3n L et al. (2024) Online Gender-based Violence against Women* Environmental and Human Rights Defenders in Latin America. the Cases of Ecuador Peru and Colombia. Fundaci\u00f3n Multitudes. Available at: chrome-extension:\/\/efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj\/https:\/\/www.boell.de\/sites\/default\/files\/2024-11\/online_gender-based_violence_against_women_environmental_and_human_rights_defenders_in_latin_america.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14680777.2023.2285713"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_6_64_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Why race matters: LatCrit theory and Latina\/o racial identity","volume":"12","author":"Trucios-Haynes E","year":"2000","unstructured":"Trucios-Haynes E (2000) Why race matters: LatCrit theory and Latina\/o racial identity. Berkeley La Raza LJ 12(1): 1\u201342.","journal-title":"Berkeley La Raza LJ"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_65_1","first-page":"81","volume-title":"Pigmentocracies: Ethnicity, Race, and Color in Latin America","author":"Urrea F","year":"2014","unstructured":"Urrea F, Vi\u00e1fara C, Viveros Vigoya M (2014) From whitened miscegenation to triethnic multiculturalism: race and ethnicity in Colombia. In: Telles EE (ed.) Pigmentocracies: Ethnicity, Race, and Color in Latin America. 1st ed. Chapel Hill, NC: University North Carolina Press Books, pp. 81\u2013125.","edition":"1"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10383441.2005.10854554"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1075\/dapsac.14"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_68_1","unstructured":"Verifico (2024) Las Redes Sociales Como Un Escenario M\u00e1s De Amenaza. Available at: https:\/\/verifico.verdadabierta.com\/analisis\/las-redes-sociales-como-un-escenario-mas-de-amenaza"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/1984-6487.sess.2020.36.02.a"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_70_1","unstructured":"Viveros Vigoya M (2023) Interseccionalidad: Giro Decolonial Y Comunitario. CLASCO. Available at: https:\/\/www.clacso.org\/interseccionalidad-giro-decolonial-y-comunitario\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.11144\/Javeriana.UH77.cryc","article-title":"Cuestiones raciales y construcci\u00f3n de Naci\u00f3n en tiempos de multiculturalismo","volume":"77","author":"Viveros Vigoya M","year":"2014","unstructured":"Viveros Vigoya M, Lesmes Espinel S (2014) Cuestiones raciales y construcci\u00f3n de Naci\u00f3n en tiempos de multiculturalismo. Universitas Human\u00edstica 77: 144.","journal-title":"Universitas Human\u00edstica"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_72_1","unstructured":"Wade P (2000) Raza Y Etnicidad En Latinoam\u00e9rica. Quito. Available at: https:\/\/biblio.flacsoandes.edu.ec\/libros\/digital\/53773.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17486830500509960"}],"container-title":["New Media &amp; Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/14614448251344286","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/14614448251344286","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/14614448251344286","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T04:04:18Z","timestamp":1777694658000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/14614448251344286"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/14614448251344286"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/14614448251344286","relation":{},"ISSN":["1461-4448","1461-7315"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1461-4448","type":"print"},{"value":"1461-7315","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}}}