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Instead, the fragmentary effect of drugs depends on the forms of prisoner control over drug sale and use. In Kyrgyzstan, prisoners co-opted heroin and reorganized its distribution and consumption through non-market mechanisms. State provision of opioid maintenance therapy incentivized powerful prisoners to move to distributing heroin through a mutual aid fund and according to need. Collectivist prison accommodation, high levels of prisoner mobility and monitoring within and across prisons enabled prisoners to enforce informal bans on drug dealing and on gang formation outside of traditional hierarchies. We argue that in these conditions prisoners organized as consumption-oriented budgetary units rather than profit-driven gangs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1462474520956280","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,23]],"date-time":"2020-09-23T10:01:22Z","timestamp":1600855282000},"page":"26-45","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Managing drugs in the prisoner society: heroin and social order in Kyrgyzstan\u2019s prisons"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8177-1290","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gavin","family":"Slade","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nazarbayev University, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lyuba","family":"Azbel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1462474520956280","unstructured":"Aidarov E, Bakirova Z, Bytyrbekova A, et\u00a0al. (2013)\n                      National Report on the Drug Situation in the Kyrgyz Republic for 2012\n                      . Bishkek\/Prague: State Drug Control Service under the Government of the Kyrgyz Reoublic\/CADAP."},{"key":"bibr2-1462474520956280","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/799908"},{"key":"bibr3-1462474520956280","unstructured":"Azbel L (2020)\n                      Methadone as indiscipline: The making of the virtuous subject in Kyrgyz prison\n                      . PhD Thesis, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 2020."},{"key":"bibr4-1462474520956280","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2016.06.007"},{"key":"bibr5-1462474520956280","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/003288559107100202"},{"key":"bibr6-1462474520956280","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12117-018-9338-7"},{"key":"bibr7-1462474520956280","volume-title":"The prison community","author":"Clemmer D","year":"1940"},{"key":"bibr8-1462474520956280","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/imp.2015.0048"},{"key":"bibr9-1462474520956280","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1462474505057122"},{"key":"bibr10-1462474520956280","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-92210-2"},{"key":"bibr11-1462474520956280","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11904-014-0202-3"},{"key":"bibr12-1462474520956280","first-page":"19","volume":"229","author":"Dias CN","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prison Service Journal"},{"key":"bibr13-1462474520956280","volume-title":"Governing Prisons","author":"DiIulio JJ","year":"1990"},{"key":"bibr141-1462474520956280","unstructured":"Edgar K, O'Donnell I, Martin C, et al. 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