{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T21:07:43Z","timestamp":1792616863641,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,13]],"date-time":"2019-06-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1560384000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Orthod"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction:<\/jats:title><jats:p> Infection control in dentistry is a major concern due to risk of transmission of communicable diseases. The aim of this study is to evaluate and compare the efficacy of various pre-cleaning methods for the tried-in orthodontic bands. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Material and methods:<\/jats:title><jats:p> An in-vitro experimental study was conducted at the Central Sterilization Services Department (Dental Clinic) and the Microbiology lab at our university hospital. A total of 130 bands were included in our study which comprised 10 controls and the rest were equally divided into three groups according to the pre-cleaning methods, i.e. manual scrubbing, enzymatic solution and a combination of both. The orthodontic bands were incubated in the brain heart infusion broth at 37 \u00b0C for five days after pre-cleaning and sterilisation in a steam autoclave and were assessed for any bacterial growth. The chi-square test was applied to determine any significant association between the various pre-cleaning methods and the frequency of bands that showed growth. Effect size was calculated using the phi coefficient. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title><jats:p> The enzyme method revealed 5% of the sample to exhibit bacterial growth, whereas manual scrubbing and the combination of both showed no growth. There was no statistically significant difference among the three methods ( P = 0.131). Further investigations showed the presence of Staphylococcus non-aureus bacterial species in contaminated bands from group II. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title><jats:p> All pre-cleaning methods were found to be equally effective in the decontamination of bands. Hence, the tried-in bands can be safely reused after pre-cleaning and sterilisation. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/1465312519855402","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,14]],"date-time":"2019-06-14T06:19:55Z","timestamp":1560493195000},"page":"220-224","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Contamination assessment of orthodontic bands after different pre-cleaning methods at a tertiary care hospital"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"46","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2598-052X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah","family":"Irfan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Dentistry, Department of Surgery, The Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seema","family":"Irfan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mubassar","family":"Fida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Dentistry, Department of Surgery, The Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Israr","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1465312519855402","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4012\/dmj.2014-045"},{"key":"bibr2-1465312519855402","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2016.09.028"},{"key":"bibr3-1465312519855402","volume-title":"Infection control in 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