{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T01:58:23Z","timestamp":1777859903576,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,30]],"date-time":"2009-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1246320000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction. Cholinergic mechanisms play an important role in the control of hormonal and vascular regulation. However, in utero development of cholinergic regulation in the foetal hormonal systems is not clearly understood.This study investigated foetal hormonal and cardiovascular responses following application of the muscarinic antagonist atropine.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Materials and methods. Chronically prepared near-term ovine foetuses (control and experimental: n=5, each group) were used.After 4\u20145 days\u2019 surgical recovery, conscious ewes and their foetuses were tested in vivo.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Results. In response to intravenous atropine, foetal systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressure, as well as heart rate, increased immediately. Inhibition of muscarinic systems in the circulation caused a reduction of plasma angiotensin II levels, while angiotensin I in the circulation remained unchanged in the foetus. In addition, foetal plasma aldosterone levels were significantly increased following blockade of the cholinergic receptor, while other hormones, including arginine vasopressin, adrenocorticotrophic hormone, and atrial natriuretic peptide, were not changed in foetal blood under the same condition.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Conclusions. The results suggest that foetal automatic systems, not those hormonal factors tested, play a major role in cholinergic mechanisms mediating cardiovascular control. Furthermore, the data provide new information on how muscarinic inhibition affects renin-angiotensin system and adrenal cortex functions. Key words: aldosterone, angiotensin-converting enzyme, autonomic regulation, foetus<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1470320309104866","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,30]],"date-time":"2009-06-30T22:01:26Z","timestamp":1246399286000},"page":"138-146","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Muscarinic effects and foetal cardiovascular and hormonal responses in utero"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"10","author":[{"family":"Jianli Zheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Perinatal Biology Centre, Soochow University School of Medicine, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"family":"Weili Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Perinatal Biology Centre, Soochow University School of Medicine, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"family":"Li Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Perinatal Biology 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