{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T11:33:36Z","timestamp":1777548816723,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,20]],"date-time":"2011-11-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1321747200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Dementia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Dementia is a common illness that is increasing in frequency and set to challenge the resources and expertise of health and social care services over the coming years. Increasingly, there has been interest in the management of behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD), as they are both common and associated with a range of negative outcomes. BPSD are associated with the admission of people with dementia to care homes. Limited resources and lack of knowledge in permanent care settings often lead to BPSD being managed with antipsychotic medications, which are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. There is evidence for the benefits of exercise within care home settings, although only a few studies include those with cognitive impairment. Tai Chi is a mind-body exercise combining relaxed physical movement and meditation, and has been suggested to have many health benefits. This article discusses the rationale and available options for treating BPSD and the current practice and reviews theliterature regarding the benefits of exercise and, in particular, Tai Chi in the management ofBPSD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1471301211422769","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,22]],"date-time":"2011-11-22T00:04:05Z","timestamp":1321920245000},"page":"268-279","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["The management of behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia in residential homes: Does Tai Chi have any role for people with dementia?"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"George","family":"Tadros","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Birmingham & Solihull Mental Health Foundation Trust, UK"},{"name":"Staffordshire University, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Ormerod","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"West Midlands Old Age Psychiatry Rotation, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Penny","family":"Dobson-Smyth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Birmingham & Solihull Mental Health Foundation Trust, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Gallon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Staffordshire University, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Donna","family":"Doherty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Staffordshire University, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"Carryer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Staffordshire University, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Oyebode","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Birmingham, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Kingston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Staffordshire University, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1471301211422769","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1995.tb07007.x"},{"key":"bibr2-1471301211422769","unstructured":"All-Party Parliamentary Group on Dementia. (2008). Always a last resort. Inquiry into the prescription of antipsychotic drugs to people with dementia living in care homes. Retrieved October 5, 2011 from http:\/\/www.alzheimers.org.uk\/site\/scripts\/download_info.php?fileID=322."},{"key":"bibr3-1471301211422769","first-page":"37","volume":"59","author":"Best-Martini E.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Seated arm swing. Geriatrics"},{"key":"bibr4-1471301211422769","unstructured":"British National Formulary No.62 (September 2011) Retrieved October 7, 2011 from http:\/\/bnf.org\/bnf\/bnf\/current\/3248.htm?q=risperidone&t=search&ss=text&p=1#_hit."},{"key":"bibr5-1471301211422769","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0269215508098891"},{"key":"bibr6-1471301211422769","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a113286"},{"key":"bibr7-1471301211422769","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610296003079"},{"key":"bibr8-1471301211422769","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2005.53513.x"},{"key":"bibr9-1471301211422769","unstructured":"Charman, R. (2000). Complementary Therapies for Physical Therapists. Qigong and tai chi in physical therapy \u2013 Makone, S. 217\u2013230. Butterworth-Heinemann."},{"key":"bibr10-1471301211422769","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, K. M., Lin, J. N., Lin, H. S., Wu, H. C., Chen, W. T., Li, C. H. & Kai Lo, S. (2008). The effects of Simplified Tai Chi Exercise Program (STEP) on physical health of older adults living in long term care facilities: A single group design with multiple time points.\n                      International Journal of Nursing Studies\n                      ,\n                      45\n                      , 501\u2013507.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2006.11.008"},{"key":"bibr11-1471301211422769","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2648.2005.03480.x"},{"key":"bibr12-1471301211422769","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2007.03.005"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr13-1471301211422769","first-page":"52","volume":"8","author":"Cohen-Mansfield J.","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology"},{"key":"bibr14-1471301211422769","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610292001285"},{"key":"bibr15-1471301211422769","unstructured":"Committee on Safety of Medicines. (2004). Atypical antipsychotic drugs and stroke. Retrieved November 23, 2009, from http:\/\/www.mhra.gov.uk\/home\/groups\/pl-p\/documents\/websiteresources\/con019488.pdf."},{"key":"bibr16-1471301211422769","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geronj\/41.6.778"},{"key":"bibr17-1471301211422769","unstructured":"Donnelly, L. (2008). Dementia time bomb \u2018will hit 1.2m\u2019. Retrieved November 23, 2009, from http:\/\/www.telegraph.co.uk\/news\/uknews\/1582524\/Dementia-timebomb-will-hit-1.2m.html."},{"key":"bibr18-1471301211422769","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610200006438"},{"key":"bibr19-1471301211422769","first-page":"383","volume":"12","author":"Everett T.","year":"1995","journal-title":"Physiotherapy in Mental Health"},{"key":"bibr20-1471301211422769","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610297003943"},{"key":"bibr21-1471301211422769","volume-title":"Behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD): A Clinical and research update","author":"Finkle S. I.","year":"1999"},{"key":"bibr22-1471301211422769","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Forbes, D., Forbes, S., Morgan, D. G., Markle-Reid, J. & Culum, I. (2008). Physical activity programs for persons with dementia.\n                      Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews,\n                      Issue 3. Art. No.: CD006489. DOI: 10.1002\/14651858.CD006489.pub2.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006489.pub2"},{"key":"bibr23-1471301211422769","volume-title":"Tai Chi: The supreme ultimate","author":"Galante L.","year":"1981"},{"key":"bibr24-1471301211422769","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-172X.2008.01721.x"},{"key":"bibr25-1471301211422769","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-172X.1997.tb00099.x"},{"key":"bibr26-1471301211422769","unstructured":"Great Britain, Department of Health. (2009). Living well with dementia: A national dementia strategy. Retrieved November 23, 2009, from http:\/\/www.dh.gov.uk\/en\/Publicationsandstatistics\/Publications\/PublicationsPolicyAndGuidance\/DH_094058."},{"key":"bibr27-1471301211422769","volume-title":"Avoiding slips, trips and broken hips","author":"Health Education Authority","year":"2000"},{"key":"bibr28-1471301211422769","unstructured":"Jahnke, R. (2007). Introductory Articles.\n                      Feel the Qi\n                      . Retrieved June 29, 2009, from http:\/\/www.feeltheqi.com\/intro_articles.htm."},{"key":"bibr29-1471301211422769","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lan, C., Lai, J.S. & Chen, S.Y. (2002). Tai Chi Chuan: An Ancient Wisdom on Exercise and Health Promotion.\n                      Sports Medicine\n                      , 32(4), 217\u2013224.","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200232040-00001"},{"key":"bibr30-1471301211422769","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1099-1166(200101)16:1<39::AID-GPS269>3.0.CO;2-F"},{"key":"bibr31-1471301211422769","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.147.3.299"},{"key":"bibr32-1471301211422769","unstructured":"National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine. (2009).\n                      Tai Chi: An introduction\n                      . Retrieved June 21, 2009, from http:\/\/nccam.nih.gov\/health\/taichi\/."},{"key":"bibr33-1471301211422769","unstructured":"National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence \u2013 Social Care Institute for Excellence. (2006).\n                      Dementia: The NICE-SCIE guidelines on supporting people with dementia and their carers in health and social care. Quick reference guide\n                      . Retrieved November 23, 2009, from http:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/nicemedia\/pdf\/CG042quickrefguide.pdf."},{"key":"bibr34-1471301211422769","unstructured":"National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence \u2013 Social Care Institute for Excellence. (2007).\n                      Dementia: The NICE-SCIE guidelines on supporting people with dementia and their carers in health and social care\n                      . Retrieved November 23, 2009, from http:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/nicemedia\/pdf\/CG042NICEGuideline.pdf."},{"key":"bibr35-1471301211422769","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2524.2000.00238.x"},{"key":"bibr36-1471301211422769","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002383099200500108"},{"key":"bibr37-1471301211422769","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/107555304323062464"},{"key":"bibr38-1471301211422769","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1982.03330030039022"},{"key":"bibr39-1471301211422769","unstructured":"Roberts, L. (2007).\n                      Dementia time bomb will cost the NHS millions\n                      . Mail Online. Retrieved November 23, 2009, from http:\/\/www.dailymail.co.uk\/news\/article-438450\/Dementia-timebomb-cost-NHS-millions.html."},{"key":"bibr40-1471301211422769","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2648.2000.01247.x"},{"key":"bibr41-1471301211422769","unstructured":"Royal College of Psychiatrists Faculty for the Psychiatry of Old Age. (n.d.)\n                      Atypical antipsychotics and behavioural and psychiatric symptoms of dementia prescribing update for old age psychiatrists\n                      . Retrieved November 23, 2009, from http:\/\/www.rcpsych.ac.uk\/PDF\/BPSD.pdf."},{"key":"bibr42-1471301211422769","first-page":"532","volume":"30","author":"Sackley C. 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Retrieved March 10, 2009, from http:\/\/site.ebrary.com\/lib\/staffordshire\/Doc?id=10118505&ppg=5."},{"key":"bibr54-1471301211422769","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12968\/bjon.2010.19.2.46295"},{"key":"bibr55-1471301211422769","first-page":"74","author":"Westcott S.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Health"},{"key":"bibr56-1471301211422769","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13607860701529932"},{"key":"bibr57-1471301211422769","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9993(97)90206-9"},{"key":"bibr58-1471301211422769","first-page":"428","volume-title":"Evidence-based dementia practice","author":"Woods R.","year":"2002"},{"key":"bibr59-1471301211422769","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1891\/1541-6577.22.4.241"}],"container-title":["Dementia"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1471301211422769","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/1471301211422769","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1471301211422769","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T17:46:30Z","timestamp":1777398390000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/1471301211422769"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,20]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/1471301211422769"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1471301211422769","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-3012","1741-2684"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-3012","type":"print"},{"value":"1741-2684","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,20]]}}}