{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T17:15:58Z","timestamp":1771002958333,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,25]],"date-time":"2025-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745539200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Computational Methods in Sciences and Engineering"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The Fourth Industrial Revolution has introduced intelligent digital technologies, such as virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR), across various sectors, including education. The research aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current research landscape and offer insights to guide future studies on AR and VR in vocational education. Bibliometric analysis is used to explore the performance analysis, science mapping, trend analysis, and application analysis of these technologies in vocational education. There are four key findings: First, VR research in vocational education has higher publication and citation rates than AR, with China, Spain, and the United States as leading contributors. Second, AR focuses on enhancing traditional education through \u201cstudents\u201d and \u201ceducation,\u201d while VR emphasizes immersive \u201clearning environments\u201d and \u201coutcomes.\u201d Third, the growing trend centers on \u201ceducation\u201d and \u201cstudents,\u201d reflecting increased interest in online learning. Fourth, AR and VR applications in vocational education show that AR enhances student skills, learning performance, and motivation, while VR advances practical training, learning outcomes and technological and practical aspects. These findings provide valuable insights that can inform future research directions in vocational education, particularly in exploring how AR and VR technologies can be more effectively integrated into educational practices.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/14727978251338471","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,25]],"date-time":"2025-04-25T20:38:14Z","timestamp":1745613494000},"page":"4100-4115","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Bibliometric analysis of trends and applications of augmented reality and virtual reality in vocational education"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-2608-3002","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"You","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Admissions, Jiangsu Open University, Nanjing, China"},{"name":"Faculty of Education, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia"}]},{"given":"Mohamad Sattar","family":"Rasul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Education, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia"}]},{"given":"Liang","family":"Jie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Education, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia"},{"name":"School of Foreign Languages, Shanxi Vocational University of Engineering Science and Technology, Jinzhong, China"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.24036\/jptk.v7i2.36523"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2023.140527"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-022-11431-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17439884.2020.1786399"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2019.e01597"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1475939X.2020.1737210"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/rcs.2067"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e16348"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/1375\/1\/012088"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","first-page":"85","article-title":"A systematic review of virtual reality in education","volume":"10","author":"Kavanagh S","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kavanagh S, Luxton-Reilly A, Wuensche B, et al. A systematic review of virtual reality in education. Themes in Sci Tech Edu 2017; 10(2): 85\u2013119. https:\/\/www.learntechlib.org\/p\/182115\/","journal-title":"Themes in Sci Tech Edu"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","first-page":"257","article-title":"Virtual reality and augmented reality in social learning spaces: a literature review","volume":"25","author":"Scavarelli A","year":"2020","unstructured":"Scavarelli A, Arya A, Teather RJ. Virtual reality and augmented reality in social learning spaces: a literature review. Virtual Real 2020; 25(2): 257\u2013277.","journal-title":"Virtual Real"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2019.04.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecns.2019.10.004"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","first-page":"33","article-title":"Virtual reality learning environments for vocational education: enhancing knowledge retention and transfer","volume":"47","author":"Babu S","year":"2018","unstructured":"Babu S, Vinayagam D, Venkatesan M, et al. Virtual reality learning environments for vocational education: enhancing knowledge retention and transfer. J Educ Technol Syst 2018; 47(1): 33\u201348.","journal-title":"J Educ Technol Syst"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-024-12602-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4018\/978-1-7998-5043-4.ch013"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssci.2023.106214"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/rev3.3325"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.02.068"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/HESWBL-12-2018-0136"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13639080.2020.1858230"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/virtualworlds3040026"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_2","first-page":"388","article-title":"A review on recent trends and challenges of virtual immersive learning in engineering education","volume":"15","author":"Azman MA","year":"2023","unstructured":"Azman MA, Azman AH, Abu-Samah A, et al. A review on recent trends and challenges of virtual immersive learning in engineering education. ASEAN J Teach Learn High Edu 2023; 15: 388\u2013405.","journal-title":"ASEAN J Teach Learn High Edu"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_2","first-page":"103","article-title":"Beneffts of augmented reality in educational environments - a systematic literature review","volume":"2015","author":"Diegmann P","year":"2015","unstructured":"Diegmann P, Schmidt-Kraepelin M, Eynden S, et al. Beneffts of augmented reality in educational environments - a systematic literature review. Wirtschaffsinformatik Proceedings 2015; 2015: 103. https:\/\/aisel.aisnet.org\/wi2015\/103","journal-title":"Wirtschaffsinformatik Proceedings"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.52562\/jdle.v3i1.602"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20319\/pijtel.2019.31.118129"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-48727-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1757-899X\/1098\/3\/032085"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_4_30_2","first-page":"138","article-title":"Could vocational education benefit from augmented reality and hypervideo technologies? An exploratory interview study","volume":"10","author":"Candido V","year":"2023","unstructured":"Candido V, Raemy P, Amenduni F, et al. Could vocational education benefit from augmented reality and hypervideo technologies? An exploratory interview study. Int J Res Vocat Educ Train 2023; 10(2): 138\u2013167.","journal-title":"Int J Res Vocat Educ Train"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/1375\/1\/012080"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2015.12.203"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_4_33_2","first-page":"539","article-title":"Development of an instructional model with augmented reality technology for vocational certificate students","volume":"13","author":"Pipattanasuk T","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pipattanasuk T, Songsriwittaya A. Development of an instructional model with augmented reality technology for vocational certificate students. Int J InStruct 2020; 13(3): 539\u2013554.","journal-title":"Int J InStruct"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/su15097153"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3991\/ijet.v16i13.20521"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/mti6070049"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app122312200"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10758-022-09630-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joi.2017.08.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-019-07489-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/land9010028"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoinf.2021.101337"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-016-2093-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2018.01.053"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2014.10.035"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2018.07.006"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_4_47_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Mapping the literature on academic publishing: a bibliometric analysis on WOS","volume":"2023","author":"Li Y","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li Y, Wang ZP. Mapping the literature on academic publishing: a bibliometric analysis on WOS. Sage Open 2023; 2023(1): 1\u201316.","journal-title":"Sage Open"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/su14095544"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tourman.2019.104028"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_4_50_2","first-page":"238","article-title":"Immersive virtual reality in an industrial design education context","volume":"19","author":"Bernardo N","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bernardo N, Duarte E. Immersive virtual reality in an industrial design education context. Comp-Aid Des App 2022; 19(2): 238\u2013255.","journal-title":"Comp-Aid Des App"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_51_2","first-page":"832","article-title":"Augmented, virtual and mixed reality research in cultural heritage: a bibliometric study","volume":"14","author":"Upasani N","year":"2023","unstructured":"Upasani N, Manna A, Ranjanikar M. Augmented, virtual and mixed reality research in cultural heritage: a bibliometric study. Int J Adv Comput Sci Appl 2023; 14: 832\u2013842.","journal-title":"Int J Adv Comput Sci Appl"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/su11216114"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5267\/j.ijdns.2019.2.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_54_2","first-page":"e280417","article-title":"El profesional de la informaci\u00f3n (Epi): Bibliometric and thematic analysis (2006\u20132017)","volume":"28","author":"L\u00f3pez-Robles J-R","year":"2019","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez-Robles J-R, Guallar J, Otegi-Olaso J-R, et al. El profesional de la informaci\u00f3n (Epi): Bibliometric and thematic analysis (2006\u20132017). El Prof Inf 2019; 28: e280417.","journal-title":"El Prof Inf"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40561-020-00145-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11061808"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2020.105073"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2021.103757"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2021.103558"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.32629\/rerr.v6i2.1725"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_4_61_2","first-page":"55","article-title":"Emerging technologies in vocational education and training","volume":"24","author":"Ghosh L","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ghosh L, Ravichandran R. Emerging technologies in vocational education and training. J Dig Learn Edu 2024; 24(1): 55\u201368.","journal-title":"J Dig Learn Edu"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_62_2","first-page":"91","article-title":"Modern learning paradigms: a bibliometric analysis of augmented reality and virtual reality in vocational education","volume":"7","author":"Fortuna A","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fortuna A, Prasetya F, Garc\u00eda JLC. Modern learning paradigms: a bibliometric analysis of augmented reality and virtual reality in vocational education. SSRN Electron J 2024; 7: 91\u2013114.","journal-title":"SSRN Electron J"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_63_2","first-page":"111","volume-title":"Recent Trends in Educational Technology and Administration. EduTA 2023. Learning and Analytics in Intelligent Systems","author":"Shen Y","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shen Y, Liu Q, Zhang K, et al. The application of artificial intelligence technology in vocational college training. In: Paas F, Patnaik S, Wang T (eds). Recent Trends in Educational Technology and Administration. EduTA 2023. Learning and Analytics in Intelligent Systems, 2023, pp. 111\u2013119."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/18822"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2024.02.086"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-022-12293-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1757-899X\/830\/3\/032059"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/su13116434"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_69_2","first-page":"91","article-title":"Educational possibilities of the augmented reality tool ZapWorks in science education. An experience with Master\u2019s Degree in Teaching students","volume":"24","author":"Moreno Mart\u00ednez NM","year":"2023","unstructured":"Moreno Mart\u00ednez NM, Franco-Mariscal AJ. Educational possibilities of the augmented reality tool ZapWorks in science education. An experience with Master\u2019s Degree in Teaching students. Tecnolog\u00eda, Ciencia y Educaci\u00f3n 2023; 24: 91\u2013118.","journal-title":"Tecnolog\u00eda, Ciencia y Educaci\u00f3n"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12912-023-01639-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18421\/TEM123-31"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15391523.2019.1617809"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.30880\/jtet.2021.13.03.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app12020711"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eng2.12873"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15391523.2023.2182851"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11528-023-00925-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.25304\/rlt.v29.2453"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/1402\/7\/077062"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/technologies8040077"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics12102328"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_82_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-024-13960-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40461-023-00148-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_84_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s41239-021-00310-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_85_2","first-page":"4183059","article-title":"Reforming the teaching of engineering cost budgeting majors by integrating VR and BIM technology under the internet of things","volume":"1","author":"Zhang YF","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang YF, Mo HJ. Reforming the teaching of engineering cost budgeting majors by integrating VR and BIM technology under the internet of things. Secur Commun Network 2022; 1: 4183059.","journal-title":"Secur Commun Network"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_86_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5539\/hes.v9n2p45"}],"container-title":["Journal of Computational Methods in Sciences and Engineering"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/14727978251338471","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/14727978251338471","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/14727978251338471","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T16:31:03Z","timestamp":1771000263000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/14727978251338471"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,25]]},"references-count":85,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/14727978251338471"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/14727978251338471","relation":{},"ISSN":["1472-7978","1875-8983"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-7978","type":"print"},{"value":"1875-8983","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,25]]}}}