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METHODS: Serum was collected at various disease phases from patients with HFRS ( n = 35) and healthy control subjects ( n = 10). Tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-\u03b1, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-4, interferon (IFN)-\u03b3, IL-8, interferon inducible protein-10 (IP-10) and chemokine (C\u2014C motif) ligand 5 (also known as \u2018regulated upon activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted\u2019 [RANTES]) were quantified using commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. RESULTS: Serum concentrations of TNF-\u03b1, IL-6, IFN-\u03b3, IL-8, IP-10 and RANTES (but not IL-4) were significantly higher in patients compared with controls. Highest concentrations were generally found during the febrile, hypotensive and oliguric disease phases, as well as in clinically severe and critical cases. CONCLUSION: Serum concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines increased in line with disease severity in HFRS patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/147323001204000227","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,27]],"date-time":"2013-02-27T14:22:55Z","timestamp":1361974975000},"page":"648-656","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Elevated Serum Concentrations of Inflammatory Cytokines and Chemokines in Patients with Haemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"P-Z","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Z-D","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Fourth Military Medical 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