{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,3]],"date-time":"2026-05-03T03:14:57Z","timestamp":1777778097641,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,23]],"date-time":"2013-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1374537600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Information Visualization"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>William Shakespeare is one of the world\u2019s greatest writers. His plays have been translated into every major living language. In some languages, his plays have been retranslated many times. These translations and retranslations have evolved for about 250 years. Studying variations in translations of world cultural heritage texts is of cross-cultural interest for arts and humanities researchers. The variations between retranslations are due to numerous factors, including the differing purposes of translations, genetic relations, cultural and intercultural influences, rivalry between translators and their varying competence. A team of Digital Humanities researchers has collected an experimental corpus of 55 different German retranslations of Shakespeare\u2019s play, Othello. The retranslations date between 1766 and 2010. A sub-corpus of 32 retranslations has been prepared as a digital parallel corpus. We would like to develop methods of exploring patterns in variation between different translations. In this article, we develop an interactive focus + context visualization system to present, analyse and explore variation at the level of user-defined segments. From our visualization, we are able to obtain an overview of the relationships of similarity between parallel segments in different versions. We can uncover clusters and outliers at various scales, and a linked focus view allows us to further explore the textual details behind these findings. The domain experts who are studying this topic evaluate our visualizations, and we report their feedback. Our system helps them better understand the relationships between different German retranslations of Othello and derive some insight.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1473871613495845","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,24]],"date-time":"2013-07-24T12:38:13Z","timestamp":1374669493000},"page":"273-288","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["ShakerVis: Visual analysis of segment variation of German translations of Shakespeare\u2019s\n                    <i>Othello<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Zhao","family":"Geng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Swansea University, Swansea, UK"}]},{"given":"Tom","family":"Cheesman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swansea University, Swansea, UK"}]},{"given":"Robert S.","family":"Laramee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swansea University, Swansea, UK"}]},{"given":"Kevin","family":"Flanagan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swansea University, Swansea, UK"}]},{"given":"Stephan","family":"Thiel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Studio NAND, Potsdam, Germany"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1473871613495845","first-page":"193","volume-title":"HT \u201908: proceedings of the nineteenth ACM conference on hypertext and hypermedia","author":"Scott B","year":"2008"},{"key":"bibr2-1473871613495845","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8659.2011.01923.x"},{"key":"bibr3-1473871613495845","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2009.171"},{"key":"bibr4-1473871613495845","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8659.2012.03106.x"},{"key":"bibr5-1473871613495845","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2008.172"},{"key":"bibr6-1473871613495845","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2009.165"},{"key":"bibr7-1473871613495845","unstructured":"Paley WB. TextArc: an alternative way to view text, http:\/\/www.textarc.org\/ (2002, accessed 18 February 2011)."},{"key":"bibr8-1473871613495845","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8659.2009.01439.x"},{"key":"bibr9-1473871613495845","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2010.175"},{"key":"bibr10-1473871613495845","unstructured":"Mehta C. Tagline generator \u2013 timeline-based tag clouds, http:\/\/chir.ag\/projects\/tagline\/ (2006, accessed 18 February 2011)."},{"key":"bibr11-1473871613495845","first-page":"91","volume-title":"IEEE symposium on visual analytics science and technology","author":"Collins C"},{"key":"bibr12-1473871613495845","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/2945.981848"},{"key":"bibr13-1473871613495845","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2010.194"},{"key":"bibr14-1473871613495845","first-page":"657","volume-title":"International symposium on visual computing","author":"Geng Z"},{"key":"bibr15-1473871613495845","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/ivs.2010.15"},{"key":"bibr16-1473871613495845","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8659.2011.01922.x"},{"key":"bibr17-1473871613495845","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8659.2011.01921.x"},{"key":"bibr18-1473871613495845","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8659.2012.03086.x"},{"key":"bibr19-1473871613495845","unstructured":"Thiel S. Understanding Shakespeare, http:\/\/www.understanding-shakespeare.com\/ (2006, accessed 16 January 2013)."},{"key":"bibr20-1473871613495845","unstructured":"Carnegie Mellon University. DocuScope: computer-aided rhetorical analysis, http:\/\/www.cmu.edu\/hss\/english\/research\/docuscope.html (1998, accessed 16 January 2013)."},{"issue":"3","key":"bibr21-1473871613495845","first-page":"1","volume":"9","author":"Hope J","year":"2004","journal-title":"Early Mod Lit Stud"},{"key":"bibr22-1473871613495845","unstructured":"Cheesman T, Flanagan K, Thiel S. Translation array prototype, http:\/\/www.william-shakespeare.de\/othello1\/othello.htm (2012\u20132013)."},{"key":"bibr23-1473871613495845","unstructured":"Cheesman T and the Version Variation Visualization Project Team. Translation sorting: Eddy and Viv in translation arrays, http:\/\/www.scribd.com\/doc\/101114673\/Eddy-and-Viv (2011)."},{"key":"bibr24-1473871613495845","unstructured":"Baudissin WG. Othello, der Mohr von Venedig (edited by R Wenig for Project Gutenberg), http:\/\/gutenberg.spiegel.de\/buch\/2185\/1 (1832)."},{"key":"bibr25-1473871613495845","volume-title":"William Shakespeare, Othello, der Mohr von Venedig","author":"Brunner K","year":"1947"},{"key":"bibr26-1473871613495845","volume-title":"Othello: Englisch-deutsche Studienausgabe","author":"Engler B","year":"1976"},{"key":"bibr27-1473871613495845","volume-title":"Othello: Englisch-Deutsch: William Shakespeare","author":"Bolte H","year":"1985"},{"key":"bibr28-1473871613495845","volume-title":"William Shakespeare Othello","author":"Zaimoglu F","year":"2003"},{"key":"bibr29-1473871613495845","volume-title":"Othello der Mohr von Venedig","author":"Flatter R","year":"1952"},{"key":"bibr30-1473871613495845","volume-title":"Shakespeare deutsch","author":"Schr\u00f6der RA","year":"1962"},{"key":"bibr31-1473871613495845","volume-title":"Hamlet und Othello","author":"Fried E","year":"1970"},{"key":"bibr32-1473871613495845","volume-title":"Othello, der Mohr von Venedig","author":"Lauterbach ES","year":"1972"},{"key":"bibr33-1473871613495845","volume-title":"Othello Der Mohr von Venedig \u00fcberset und bearbeitet von Horst Laube","author":"Laube H","year":"1977"},{"key":"bibr34-1473871613495845","volume-title":"Multidimensional scaling","author":"Davison ML","year":"1992"},{"key":"bibr35-1473871613495845","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203936399"},{"key":"bibr36-1473871613495845","author":"Fodor I","year":"2002","journal-title":"Technical report, Centre for Applied Scientific Computing, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory"},{"key":"bibr37-1473871613495845","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNN.2005.845141"},{"key":"bibr38-1473871613495845","first-page":"336","volume-title":"Proceedings of 1996 IEEE symposium on visual languages","author":"Shneiderman B"},{"key":"bibr39-1473871613495845","first-page":"361","volume-title":"Proceedings of IEEE visualization","author":"Inselberg A"},{"key":"bibr40-1473871613495845","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-68628-8"},{"key":"bibr41-1473871613495845","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/2945.981847"},{"key":"bibr42-1473871613495845","first-page":"232","volume-title":"Encyclopedia of translation studies","author":"G\u00fcrcaglar ST","year":"2009"},{"key":"bibr43-1473871613495845","first-page":"148","volume-title":"Shakespeare and the language of translation","author":"Hamburger M","year":"2006"},{"key":"bibr44-1473871613495845","first-page":"109","volume-title":"Translation and the construction of identity. 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