{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,3]],"date-time":"2026-05-03T03:15:15Z","timestamp":1777778115463,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,12]],"date-time":"2015-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1444608000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Information Visualization"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In this article, we introduce a novel timeline visualization technique, TimeSets, that helps make sense of complex temporal datasets by showing the set relationships among individual events. TimeSets visually groups events that share a topic, such as a place or a person, while preserving their temporal order. It dynamically adjusts the level of detail for each event to suit the amount of information and display estate. Various design options were explored to address issues such as one event belonging to multiple topics. A controlled experiment was conducted to evaluate its effectiveness by comparing it to the KelpFusion method. The results showed significant advantage in accuracy and user preference.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1473871615605347","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,13]],"date-time":"2015-10-13T20:56:59Z","timestamp":1444769819000},"page":"253-269","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["TimeSets: Timeline visualization with set relations"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Phong H","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Middlesex University, London, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kai","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Middlesex University, London, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rick","family":"Walker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Middlesex University, London, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"BL William","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Middlesex University, London, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1473871615605347","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Plaisant C, Milash B, Rose A, LifeLines: visualizing personal histories. In: ACM conference on human factors in computing systems, 13\u201418 April 1996, pp. 221\u2013227. New York: ACM Press, http:\/\/dl.acm.org\/ft_gateway.cfm?id=238493&type=html","DOI":"10.1145\/238386.238493"},{"key":"bibr2-1473871615605347","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu K, Attfield S, Jankun-Kelly TJ, Analytic provenance for sensemaking: a research agenda. IEEE Comput Graph Appl2015; 35(3): 56\u201364, http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/26010789","DOI":"10.1109\/MCG.2015.50"},{"key":"bibr3-1473871615605347","unstructured":"Plaisant C, Mushlin R, Snyder A, LifeLines: using visualization to enhance navigation and analysis of patient records. Proc AMIA Symp1998; 8(98): 76\u201380, http:\/\/www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov\/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2232192&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract"},{"key":"bibr4-1473871615605347","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andr\u00e9 P, Wilson ML, Russell A, Continuum: designing timelines for hierarchies, relationships and scale. In: ACM symposium on user interface software and technology, 7\u201410 October 2007, pp. 101\u2013110. New York: ACM Press, http:\/\/dl.acm.org\/citation.cfm?id=1294211.1294229","DOI":"10.1145\/1294211.1294229"},{"key":"bibr5-1473871615605347","unstructured":"Rosenberg D, Grafton A. Cartographies of time: a history of the timeline. Princeton Architectural Press, 2013, http:\/\/books.google.com\/books?hl=en&lr=&id=DqWqKVzipToC&pgis=1"},{"key":"bibr6-1473871615605347","volume-title":"A chart of biography","author":"Priestley J","year":"1765"},{"key":"bibr7-1473871615605347","unstructured":"SIMILE timeline widget, 2009, http:\/\/simile-widgets.org\/timeline\/"},{"key":"bibr8-1473871615605347","unstructured":"Mnemograph LLC. TimeGlider, 2012, http:\/\/timeglider.com\/"},{"key":"bibr9-1473871615605347","first-page":"126","volume-title":"ACM conference on digital libraries","author":"Kumar V"},{"key":"bibr10-1473871615605347","unstructured":"Ware C. Information visualization: perception for design. Elsevier, 2013, http:\/\/books.google.com\/books?hl=en&lr=&id=qFmS95vf6H8C&pgis=1"},{"key":"bibr11-1473871615605347","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Collins C, Penn G, Carpendale S. Bubble sets: revealing set relations with isocontours over existing visualizations. IEEE T Vis Comput Gr2009; 15(6): 1009\u20131016, http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/19834166","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2009.122"},{"key":"bibr12-1473871615605347","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alper B, Henry Riche N, Ramos G, Design study of LineSets, a novel set visualization technique. IEEE T Vis Comput Gr2011; 17(12): 2259\u20132267, http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/22034345","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2011.186"},{"key":"bibr13-1473871615605347","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meulemans W, Henry Riche N, Speckmann B, KelpFusion: a hybrid set visualization technique. IEEE T Vis Comput Gr2013; 19(11): 1846\u20131858, http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/24029905","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2013.76"},{"key":"bibr14-1473871615605347","unstructured":"npr. Timeline: the CIA Leak Case, 2007, http:\/\/www.npr.org\/templates\/story\/story.php?storyId=4764919"},{"key":"bibr15-1473871615605347","volume-title":"Principles of Gestalt psychology","author":"Koffka K","year":"1935"},{"key":"bibr16-1473871615605347","first-page":"3","volume-title":"IEEE symposium on visual analytics science and technology","author":"Card SK"},{"key":"bibr17-1473871615605347","volume-title":"Carte Figurative des pertes successives en hommes de l\u2019arm\u00e9e Fran\u00e7aise dans la campagne de Russie 1812\u20131813","author":"Minard CJ","year":"1869"},{"key":"bibr18-1473871615605347","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aigner W, Miksch S, Schumann H, Visualization of time-oriented data. Springer, 2011, http:\/\/books.google.com\/books?hl=en&lr=&id=YnDivwba2nkC&pgis=1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-85729-079-3_1"},{"key":"bibr19-1473871615605347","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Havre S, Hetzler E, Whitney P, ThemeRiver: visualizing thematic changes in large document collections. IEEE T Vis Comput Gr2002; 8(1): 9\u201320, http:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/lpdocs\/epic03\/wrapper.htm?arnumber=981848","DOI":"10.1109\/2945.981848"},{"key":"bibr20-1473871615605347","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Byron L, Wattenberg M. Stacked graphs-geometry & aesthetics. IEEE T Vis Comput Gr2008; 14(6): 1245\u20131252, http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/18988970","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2008.166"},{"key":"bibr21-1473871615605347","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-17277-9_53"},{"key":"bibr22-1473871615605347","unstructured":"Wang TD, Plaisant C, Quinn AJ, Aligning temporal data by sentinel events. In: ACM conference on human factors in computing systems, 5\u201410 April 2008, pp. 457\u2013466. New York: ACM Press, http:\/\/dl.acm.org\/citation.cfm?id=1357054.1357129"},{"key":"bibr23-1473871615605347","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tanahashi Y, Ma KL. Design considerations for optimizing storyline visualizations. IEEE T Vis Comput Gr2012; 18(12): 2679\u20132688, http:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/xpl\/articleDetails.jsp?arnumber=6327274","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2012.212"},{"key":"bibr24-1473871615605347","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu S, Wu Y, Wei E, StoryFlow: tracking the evolution of stories. IEEE T Vis Comput Gr2013; 19(12): 2436\u20132445, http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/24051810","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2013.196"},{"key":"bibr25-1473871615605347","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Palmer S, Rock I. Rethinking perceptual organization: the role of uniform connectedness. Psychon Bull Rev1994; 1(1): 29\u201355, http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/24203413","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03200760"},{"key":"bibr26-1473871615605347","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nguyen PH, Xu K, Walker R, SchemaLine: timeline visualization for sensemaking. In: IEEE international conference on information visualisation, 15\u201418 July 2014, pp. 225\u2013233, http:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/lpdocs\/epic03\/wrapper.htm?arnumber=6902908","DOI":"10.1109\/IV.2014.14"},{"key":"bibr27-1473871615605347","volume":"4","author":"Ruskey F","year":"1997","journal-title":"Electron J Comb"},{"key":"bibr28-1473871615605347","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodgers P. A survey of Euler diagrams. J Visual Lang Comput2014; 25(3): 134\u2013155, http:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1045926X13000499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvlc.2013.08.006"},{"key":"bibr29-1473871615605347","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Simonetto P, Auber D, Archambault D. Fully automatic visualisation of overlapping sets. Comput Graph Forum2009; 28(3): 967\u2013974, http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1111\/j.1467-8659.2009.01452.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8659.2009.01452.x"},{"key":"bibr30-1473871615605347","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Henry Riche N, Dwyer T. Untangling Euler diagrams. IEEE T Vis Comput Gr2010; 16(6): 1090\u20131099, http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/20975147","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2010.210"},{"key":"bibr31-1473871615605347","unstructured":"Foley JD, Dam AV, Feiner SK, Introduction to computer graphics. Addison-Wesley, 1997, http:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=_82EKQEACAAJ&pgis=1"},{"key":"bibr32-1473871615605347","unstructured":"Tufte ER. The visual display of quantitative information. 1986, http:\/\/dl.acm.org\/citation.cfm?id=33404"},{"key":"bibr33-1473871615605347","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim NW, Card SK, Heer J. Tracing genealogical data with TimeNets. In: International conference on advanced visual interfaces, 26\u201428 May 2010, pp. 241\u2013248. New York: ACM Press, http:\/\/dl.acm.org\/citation.cfm?id=1842993.1843035","DOI":"10.1145\/1842993.1843035"},{"key":"bibr34-1473871615605347","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harrower M, Brewer CA. ColorBrewer.org: an online tool for selecting colour schemes for maps. Cartogr J2003; 40(1): 27\u201337, http:\/\/www.ingentaselect.com\/rpsv\/cgi-bin\/cgi?ini=xref&body=linker&reqdoi=10.1179\/000870403235002042","DOI":"10.1179\/000870403235002042"},{"key":"bibr35-1473871615605347","unstructured":"Alsallakh B, Micallef L, Aigner W, Visualizing sets and set-typed data: state-of-the-art and future challenges. In: Borgo R, Maciejewski R, Viola I (eds) Eurographics conference on visualization (EuroVis)\u2014state of the art reports, 9\u201413 June 2014, pp. 1\u201321. Eurographics, http:\/\/publik.tuwien.ac.at\/files\/PubDat_228538.pdf"},{"key":"bibr36-1473871615605347","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elmqvist N, Moere AV, Jetter HC, Fluid interaction for information visualization. Inform Visual2011; 10(4): 327\u2013340, http:\/\/ivi.sagepub.com\/content\/10\/4\/327.short","DOI":"10.1177\/1473871611413180"},{"key":"bibr37-1473871615605347","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/b17511"},{"key":"bibr38-1473871615605347","unstructured":"Stasko J, Choo J, Han Y, Citevis: exploring conference paper citation data visually. In: Posters of IEEE InfoVis (2013), Atlanta, GA, October 2013, pp. 2\u20133, http:\/\/www.cc.gatech.edu\/~stasko\/papers\/infovis13-poster-citevis.pdf"}],"container-title":["Information Visualization"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1473871615605347","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/1473871615605347","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1473871615605347","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T19:18:43Z","timestamp":1777490323000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/1473871615605347"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,12]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/1473871615605347"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1473871615605347","relation":{},"ISSN":["1473-8716","1473-8724"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1473-8716","type":"print"},{"value":"1473-8724","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,12]]}}}