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Given such a collection, we compute the similarity between images, the distance between texts, and the connection between image and text to construct iGraph, a compound graph representation which encodes the underlying relationships among these images and texts. To enable effective visual navigation and comprehension of iGraph with tens of thousands of nodes and hundreds of millions of edges, we present a progressive solution that offers collection overview, node comparison, and visual recommendation. Our solution not only allows users to explore the entire collection with representative images and keywords but also supports detailed comparison for understanding and intuitive guidance for navigation. The visual exploration of iGraph is further enhanced with the implementation of bubble sets to highlight group memberships of nodes, suggestion of abnormal keywords or time periods based on text outlier detection, and comparison of four different recommendation solutions. For performance speedup, multiple graphics processing units and central processing units are utilized for processing and visualization in parallel. We experiment with two image collections and leverage a cluster driving a display wall of nearly 50\u2009million pixels. We show the effectiveness of our approach by demonstrating experimental results and conducting a user study.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1473871616630778","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,2]],"date-time":"2016-03-02T20:39:00Z","timestamp":1456951140000},"page":"21-47","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Visualization and recommendation of large image collections toward effective sensemaking"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Yi","family":"Gu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA"}]},{"given":"Chaoli","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA"}]},{"given":"Robert J","family":"Nemiroff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA"}]},{"given":"David L","family":"Kao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA"}]},{"given":"Denis","family":"Parra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ciencia de la Computaci\u00f3n, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile, Santiago, Chile"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1473871616630778","unstructured":"Nemiroff RJ, Bonnell JT. 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