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While external labeling has been extensively investigated from a perspective of automatization, the research on its readability has been neglected. In this article, we present the first formal user study on the readability of leader types in boundary labeling, a special variant of external labeling that considers rectangular image contours. We consider the four most studied leader types (straight, L-shaped, diagonal, and S-shaped) with respect to their performance, that is, whether and how fast a viewer can assign a feature to its label and vice versa. We give a detailed analysis of the results regarding the readability of the four models and discuss their aesthetic qualities based on the users\u2019 preference judgments and interviews. As a consequence of our experiment, we can generally recommend L-shaped leaders as the best compromise between measured task performance and subjective preference ratings, while straight and diagonal leaders received mixed ratings in the two measures. S-shaped leaders are generally not recommended from a practical point of view. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1473871618799500","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,24]],"date-time":"2018-09-24T11:13:09Z","timestamp":1537787589000},"page":"110-132","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["On the readability of leaders in boundary labeling"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Lukas","family":"Barth","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Gemsa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6638-7250","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benjamin","family":"Niedermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"N\u00f6llenburg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TU Wien, Vienna, Austria"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1473871618799500","first-page":"5","volume-title":"The computer in contemporary cartography","author":"Morrison JL","year":"1980"},{"volume-title":"The visual display of quantitative information","year":"2001","author":"Tufte ER","key":"bibr2-1473871618799500"},{"key":"bibr3-1473871618799500","unstructured":"Oeltze-Jafra S, Preim B. 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