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Our survey provides a comprehensive summary of developments and a full roadmap for state-of-the-art force-directed algorithms in schematic drawings and placement. We classified the model of force-directed algorithms into classical and hybrid. The classical force-directed algorithms are further classified as follows: (a) accumulated force models, (b) energy function minimisation models and (c) combinatorial optimisation models. The hybrid force-directed algorithms are classified as follows: (a) parallel and hardware accelerated models, (b) multilevel force-directed models and (c) multidimensional scaling force-directed algorithms. Five categories of application domains in which force-directed algorithms have been adopted for schematic drawings and placement are also summarised: (a) aesthetic drawings for general networks, (b) component placement and scheduling in high-level synthesis of very-large-scale integration circuits design, (c) information visualisation, (d) biological network visualisation and (e) node placement and localisation for sensor networks. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1473871618821740","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,4]],"date-time":"2019-01-04T06:37:59Z","timestamp":1546583879000},"page":"65-91","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Force-directed algorithms for schematic drawings and placement: A survey"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3459-1385","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Se-Hang","family":"Cheong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer and Information Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau"}]},{"given":"Yain-Whar","family":"Si","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer and Information Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1473871618821740","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0076-6879(85)15026-3"},{"key":"bibr2-1473871618821740","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/spe.4380211102"},{"key":"bibr3-1473871618821740","unstructured":"ACM Digital Library, https:\/\/dl.acm.org (accessed 1 September 2018)."},{"key":"bibr4-1473871618821740","unstructured":"Scopus Preview, https:\/\/www.scopus.com (accessed 1 September 2018)"},{"key":"bibr5-1473871618821740","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1473871612455749"},{"key":"bibr6-1473871618821740","unstructured":"Kobourov SG. 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