{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,3]],"date-time":"2026-05-03T03:18:32Z","timestamp":1777778312468,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,15]],"date-time":"2021-12-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639526400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Information Visualization"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The paper describes a method for the immersive, dynamic visualization of undirected, weighted graphs. Using the Fruchterman-Reingold method, force-directed graphs are drawn in a Virtual-Reality system. The user can walk through the data, as well as move vertices using controllers, while the network display rearranges in realtime according to Newtonian physics. In addition to the physics behind the employed method, the paper explains the most pertinent computational mechanisms for its implementation, using Unity, SteamVR, and a Virtual-Reality system such as HTC Vive (the source package is made available for download). It was found that the method allows for intuitive exploration of graphs with on the order of [Formula: see text] vertices, and that dynamic extrusion of vertices and realtime readjustment of the network structure allows for developing an intuitive understanding of the relationship of a vertex to the remainder of the network. Based on this observation, possible future developments are suggested.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/14738716211060306","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,15]],"date-time":"2021-12-15T04:26:21Z","timestamp":1639542381000},"page":"143-152","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Virtual-Reality graph visualization based on Fruchterman-Reingold using\n                    <i>Unity and SteamVR<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6643-9428","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gerd","family":"Kortemeyer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"},{"name":"Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-14738716211060306","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/spe.4380211102"},{"key":"bibr2-14738716211060306","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1473871612455749"},{"key":"bibr3-14738716211060306","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1473871618821740"},{"key":"bibr4-14738716211060306","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/1278932"},{"key":"bibr5-14738716211060306","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/BigData.2018.8622001"},{"key":"bibr6-14738716211060306","unstructured":"Unity. https:\/\/unity.com\/ (accessed November 13 2021)."},{"key":"bibr7-14738716211060306","unstructured":"STEAM. https:\/\/store.steampowered.com\/steamvr (accessed November 13 2021)."},{"key":"bibr8-14738716211060306","unstructured":"VIVE. https:\/\/www.vive.com (accessed November 13 2021)."},{"key":"bibr9-14738716211060306","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1473871614556393"},{"key":"bibr10-14738716211060306","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12650-015-0300-3"},{"key":"bibr11-14738716211060306","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1473871616655467"},{"key":"bibr12-14738716211060306","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1473871617720811"},{"key":"bibr13-14738716211060306","first-page":"182","volume-title":"Proceedings of 1994 IEEE symposium on visual languages","author":"Ware C"},{"key":"bibr14-14738716211060306","first-page":"1","volume-title":"2018 International symposium on big data visual and immersive analytics (BDVA)","author":"Drogemuller A"},{"key":"bibr15-14738716211060306","first-page":"599","volume-title":"International semantic web conference","author":"Halpin H"},{"key":"bibr16-14738716211060306","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/iV.2018.00084"},{"key":"bibr17-14738716211060306","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-22570-w"},{"key":"bibr18-14738716211060306","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2018.1429061"},{"key":"bibr19-14738716211060306","volume-title":"Interactive visualization and comparison of graphs in virtual reality","author":"Kreuzer M.","year":"2019"},{"key":"bibr20-14738716211060306","volume-title":"Graph-based data visualization in virtual reality: a comparison of user experiences","author":"Sullivan PA.","year":"2016"},{"key":"bibr21-14738716211060306","first-page":"2","author":"Shi F and The Odum Institute","year":"2019","journal-title":"Learn about network visualization in R with data from UK faculty dataset (2008)"},{"key":"bibr22-14738716211060306","author":"Csardi G.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Technical report, The Comprehensive R Archive Network (CRAN)"},{"key":"bibr23-14738716211060306","volume-title":"University physics","author":"Bauer W","year":"2011"},{"key":"bibr24-14738716211060306","unstructured":"Unity Asset Store. https:\/\/assetstore.unity.com (accessed November 13 2021)."},{"key":"bibr25-14738716211060306","unstructured":"Oculus. https:\/\/www.oculus.com (accessed November 13 2021)."},{"key":"bibr26-14738716211060306","unstructured":"GNU General Public License GPLv3, https:\/\/www.gnu.org\/licenses\/gpl-3.0.en.html (accessed November 13 2021)."},{"key":"bibr27-14738716211060306","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2014 conference on interactive entertainment","author":"Davis S"},{"key":"bibr28-14738716211060306","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 12th international conference on the foundations of digital games","author":"Frommel J"},{"key":"bibr29-14738716211060306","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-019-00401-0"},{"key":"bibr30-14738716211060306","first-page":"265","volume-title":"Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on human factors in computing systems","author":"Stoakley R"},{"key":"bibr31-14738716211060306","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2021.3067759"},{"key":"bibr32-14738716211060306","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-06246-0_19"},{"key":"bibr33-14738716211060306","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2021 CHI conference on human factors in computing systems","author":"Drogemuller A"},{"key":"bibr34-14738716211060306","first-page":"433","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2017 CHI conference extended abstracts on human factors in computing systems","author":"Knierim P"},{"key":"bibr35-14738716211060306","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2019 CHI conference on human factors in computing systems","author":"Abtahi P"},{"key":"bibr36-14738716211060306","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00357-014-9161-z"}],"container-title":["Information Visualization"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/14738716211060306","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/14738716211060306","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/14738716211060306","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T19:19:12Z","timestamp":1777490352000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/14738716211060306"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,15]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/14738716211060306"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/14738716211060306","relation":{},"ISSN":["1473-8716","1473-8724"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1473-8716","type":"print"},{"value":"1473-8724","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,15]]}}}