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This challenge is even greater for casual users who are increasingly turning to data analysis to solve everyday problems. To address this challenge, we propose data-driven, contextual, in situ help features that can be implemented in visual data interfaces. We introduce five modes of help-seeking: (1) contextual help on selected interface elements, (2) topic listing, (3) overview, (4) guided tour, and (5) notifications. The difference between our work and general user interface help systems is that data visualization provide a unique environment for embedding context-dependent data inside on-screen messaging. We demonstrate the usefulness of such contextual help through two case studies of two visual data interfaces: Keshif and POD-Vis. We implemented and evaluated the help modes with two sets of participants, and found that directly selecting user interface elements was the most useful.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/14738716221120064","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,10]],"date-time":"2022-09-10T02:28:45Z","timestamp":1662776925000},"page":"69-84","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Contextual in situ help for visual data interfaces"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Pramod","family":"Chundury","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mehmet Adil","family":"Yal\u00e7in","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, WA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Crabtree","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Maryland Medical School, Baltimore, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anup","family":"Mahurkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Maryland Medical School, Baltimore, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lisa M","family":"Shulman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Maryland Medical School, Baltimore, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5805-5301","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Niklas","family":"Elmqvist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-14738716221120064","first-page":"266","volume-title":"Designing the user interface: strategies for effective human-computer interaction","author":"Shneiderman B","year":"2016","edition":"6"},{"key":"bibr2-14738716221120064","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/245882.245893"},{"key":"bibr3-14738716221120064","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2017.2723393"},{"key":"bibr4-14738716221120064","unstructured":"Keshif. 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