{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,3]],"date-time":"2026-05-03T03:18:43Z","timestamp":1777778323086,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,2]],"date-time":"2022-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662076800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Information Visualization"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Multivariate hierarchical data has an important role in many applications. To find the best visualisation that best fits a concrete data is crucial to explore and understand the relationships between the data. This paper proposes a categorisation \u2013 Elongated and Compact \u2013 of hierarchical data based on the inner shapes of the hierarchies, that is the connectivity degree of the internal nodes, the number of nodes, etc, that can be applied to any hierarchical data. Based on this taxonomy, we explore implicit and explicit layouts \u2013 Tree, Circle Packing, Force and Radial \u2013 to provide users with a complete view of the data. We hypothesise that Tree and Circle Packing fit with Elongated structures, and Force and Radial fit with Compact ones. In addition, we cluster multivariate features to embed them in the hierarchical layouts. Especially, we propose two different glyphs \u2013 one-by-one and all-in-one, and we bet for the one-by-one glyphs as the most suitable for showing the distribution of several features along with the hierarchical structures. To validate our hypotheses, we conducted a user study with 35 participants using a hate speech annotated corpus. This corpus comes from 4359 comments posted in online Spanish newspapers. The results indicated that users preferred the Tree layout over the other three layouts (Circle, Force, Radial) with both types of structures (EC and CC). However, when we focused the analysis only on Radial and Force layouts, both of them scored significantly higher with Compact than with Elongated data. Moreover, participants scored the one-by-one glyph higher than the all-in-one glyph, but the difference was not significant.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/14738716221120509","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,3]],"date-time":"2022-09-03T01:16:42Z","timestamp":1662167802000},"page":"31-51","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Visualisation of hierarchical multivariate data: Categorisation and case study on hate speech"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3973-2247","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ecem","family":"Kavaz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departament de Matem\u00e0tiques i Inform\u00e0tica, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Puig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departament de Matem\u00e0tiques i Inform\u00e0tica, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Institut of Complex Systems (UBICS), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Inmaculada","family":"Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departament de Matem\u00e0tiques i Inform\u00e0tica, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Institut de Matem\u00e0tica UB (IMUB), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Reyes","family":"Chac\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departament de Matem\u00e0tiques i Inform\u00e0tica, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"De-La-Paz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departament de Matem\u00e0tiques i Inform\u00e0tica, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adri\u00e0","family":"Torralba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departament de Matem\u00e0tiques i Inform\u00e0tica, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6883-7657","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Montserrat","family":"Nofre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departament de Matem\u00e0tiques i Inform\u00e0tica, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Facultat de Filologia i Comunicaci\u00f3, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mariona","family":"Taule","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departament de Matem\u00e0tiques i Inform\u00e0tica, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Facultat de Filologia i Comunicaci\u00f3, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-14738716221120509","first-page":"166","volume-title":"Tenth international conference on information visualisation (IV\u201906)","author":"Schulz HJ"},{"key":"bibr2-14738716221120509","first-page":"125","volume-title":"Proceedings of the institute for research into cognitive sciences workshop on linguistic databases","author":"Hippisley AR","year":"2001"},{"key":"bibr3-14738716221120509","first-page":"25","volume-title":"2009 IEEE Pacific visualization symposium","author":"Otsuka R"},{"key":"bibr4-14738716221120509","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gks1189"},{"key":"bibr5-14738716221120509","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1613\/jair.3940"},{"key":"bibr6-14738716221120509","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0097-8493(02)00283-2"},{"key":"bibr7-14738716221120509","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00778-019-00588-3"},{"key":"bibr8-14738716221120509","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-06793-3_1"},{"key":"bibr9-14738716221120509","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCG.2011.103"},{"key":"bibr10-14738716221120509","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-155860915-0\/50046-9"},{"key":"bibr11-14738716221120509","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-33037-0_8"},{"key":"bibr12-14738716221120509","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cgf.13728"},{"key":"bibr13-14738716221120509","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2010.79"},{"key":"bibr14-14738716221120509","volume-title":"D3. 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